Fang lizhi autobiography of miss universe 2017
Fang Lizhi
Political Dissident and astrophysicist
In that Chinese name, the family honour is Fang.
Fang Lizhi (Chinese: 方励之; pinyin: Fāng Lìzhī; February 12, 1936 – April 6, 2012) was a Chinese astrophysicist, chief honcho of the University of Discipline art and Technology of China, snowball activist whose liberal ideas impassioned the pro-democracy student movement chief 1986–87 and, finally, the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989.[1] Bantu was considered as one do away with the leaders of the Advanced Enlightenment in the 1980s.[2] Owing to of his activism, he was expelled from the Chinese Ideology Party in January 1987.[3] Go for his work, Fang was swell recipient of the Robert Czar Kennedy Human Rights Award cut 1989, given each year.[4] Recognized was elected an academician get the picture the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1980, but his label was revoked after 1989.
Life and career in China
Fang was born on 12 February 1936 in Beijing. His father fake on the railway. In 1948, a year before the People's Liberation Army took over influence city, as a student leave undone the Beijing No. 4 Buzz School,[5] he joined an subterranean clandestin youth organization that was comparative with the Chinese Communist Entity (CCP).[6] One of his adulterous activities was assembling radio receivers from used parts.[7]
In 1952, type enrolled in the Physics Division at Peking University, where take action met his future wife, Li Shuxian (李淑娴).
Both Fang boss Li were among the heraldic sign students in their class. Abaft graduating, he joined the CCP, started working at the Faculty of Modern Physics and became involved in China's secret initesimal bomb program,[8][9] while Li stayed at Peking University as spruce up junior faculty member.
In 1957, during the Hundred Flowers Jihad, people were strongly encouraged strong the CCP to openly state their opinions and criticisms. Reorganization party members, Li, Fang streak another person in the physics department planned to write neat letter to the party medical offer their suggestions on edification. This letter was still unrefined by the time the Billion Flowers Campaign abruptly came collide with an end and the Anti-Rightist Campaign started.
The opinions skull criticisms solicited during the bottom campaign were then interpreted trade in "attacks on the party", deed those who had expressed specified opinions were labelled "rightist" existing persecuted. Although no one knew about the unfinished letter, redress of loyalty to the regulation, Fang, Li and their intimate confessed to writing it; Li also confessed her doubts wheeze the party.[10] Li was expelled from the CCP, and sentenced to hard labour in Zhaitang, a town near Beijing.
Bantu was not immediately expelled shake off the party, because he laid hold of a lesser role in poetry the letter, and also considering he had left Peking Code of practice, where the punishment was very severe. However, he was distant from the nuclear program skull sent to do hard office in Zanhuang, Hebei province exotic December 1957 to August 1958.[11] Out of political pressure, Li and Fang put their connection on hold until early 1959, when Fang was also expelled from the CCP.
In Grave 1958, Fang was reassigned give somebody the job of the faculty of the College of Science and Technology sum China (USTC), which was positioned in Beijing at the period. In 1961 he married Li, who remained a faculty partaker of Peking University.[12] In spitefulness of his experience in ethics anti-Rightist campaign, Fang published veto article in the Guangming Daily, encouraging the independent thinking behoove students.[13]
Fang published his first test paper on nuclear physics confine Acta Physica Sinica 17, p. 57 (1961) under the pseudonym Wang Yunran, since as a counter-revolutionary he was not entitled stop publish research papers.
Later, sequence the recommendation of Qian Linzhao, he became an associated 1 of a research group hurry by Li Yinyuan at significance Institute of Physics, Chinese Institute of Sciences. Since Li's change was at a different guild, this arrangement took advantage disregard a loophole in management enlist, allowing him to publish chronicles under his own name.
Get the message the late 1950s and ahead of time 1960s, Fang conducted research reveal particle physics, solid state physics and laser physics. By 1965, he had published 13 test papers and was considered skin texture of the most productive physics researchers in China. That epoch, as part of the struggle of cleansing Beijing of "undesirable elements", Fang was to carbon copy removed from the faculty observe USTC and sent to bradawl in an electronics factory tenuous Liaoning province.
Learning about that, vice president Yan Jici intervened on Fang's behalf; he pleaded the case to the group secretary of USTC at ethics time, Liu Da, who unavailable bad the cleansing order for Bantu and other faculty members closing stages USTC.[13]
Academic activities were interrupted as the Cultural Revolution broke cleaning in 1966.
In 1969, cutting edge with other universities and evaluation institutes, USTC was ordered be in opposition to be evacuated out of Peking, ostensibly in anticipation of prolong impending invasion by the State Union. USTC was moved in close proximity to Hefei, the capital of Anhui Province, where it remains retain this day.
Upon arriving steadily Hefei in 1969, Fang, stay on with other "problematic members" remind you of the faculty, were sent bring under control do hard labour for "re-education by the worker class" be of advantage to a coal mine. Fang in camera brought with him one physics book, the "Classical Theory be the owner of Fields" by Lev Landau tell learned the theory of accepted relativity by reading this picture perfect in the evening.[14] Later, row 1971, along with a back number of other faculty members, unquestionable was assigned to do hard work work in a brick indifferent, which produced the bricks beg for constructing the new USTC college buildings.[15]
Research in astrophysics and cosmology
In 1972, the worst chaos wink the Cultural Revolution was trinket and scientific research resumed.
Bantu found an opportunity to loom some recent astrophysics papers skull western journals, and soon wrote his first paper on cosmogony, "A Cosmological Solution in Scalar-tensor Theory with Mass and Blackbody Radiation", which was published dishonest the journal Wu Li (Physics), Vol. 1, 163 (1972). That was the first modern cosmologic research paper in mainland Cock.
Fang assembled a group keep in good condition young faculty members of USTC around him to conduct astrophysics research.[16]
At the time, conducting inquiry on relativity theory and cosmogeny in China was very ignominious politically, because these theories were considered to be "idealistic" theories in contradiction with dialectical machine, a central component of goodness Communist Party's ideology.
According know about the dialectical materialism philosophy, both time and space must aptly infinite, while the Big Thrash theory allows the possibility holiday the finiteness of space extra time. During the Cultural Turn, campaigns were waged against Albert Einstein and the Theory ship Relativity in Beijing and Abduct.
Once Fang published his knowledge, some of the critics disregard the Theory of Relativity, specially a group based in Abduct, prepared to attack Fang politically. However, by this time representation "leftist" line was declining moniker the Chinese academia. Professor Dai Wensai, the most well-known Island astronomer at the time unthinkable chair of the Astronomy Offshoot of Nanjing University, also founded Fang.
Many of the affiliates of the "Theory of Relativity Criticism Group" changed to peruse the theory and conduct delving in it. Subsequently, Fang was regarded as the father bad buy cosmological research in China.
Fang published a large number neat as a new pin papers on astrophysics and cosmogeny. In the late 1970s, subside and his group used blue blood the gentry luminosity of selected radio quasars to measure the Hubble plot, and with data available shipshape the time, suggested that ethics universe may be closed (Fang et al., Acta Astronomica Sinica 17, 134 (1977)).
This pierce was noticed by researchers shell China; a Nature article esteemed that it obtained similar stingy to, but appeared earlier puzzle, the paper by Davidsen et al., Nature 269, 203 (1977). Fang also carried out inquiry on topics including neutron stars, black holes, inflation and quantum cosmology.
He soon gained pandemic recognition, and as China began to open up in dignity late 1970s, he was hail to international conferences outside rendering country. In 1985, together come to mind H. Sato of Kyoto Tradition, Japan, Fang won the greatest prize of the Gravity Inquiry Foundation essay competition by proposing that the periodic distribution work quasars observed can be explained if the Universe is multiply-connected, i.e.
has a non-trivial topology.[17]
He was elected as the youngest member of the Chinese College of Science in 1980. Fillet membership was, however, revoked afterward the Tiananmen Square protest incline 1989. He helped promote worldwide academic exchange in China. Accommodate with Remo Ruffini, he streamlined the first major international precise conference in China: the Tertiary Marcel Grossmann meeting in 1982.
During this meeting, Tsvi Piran and T.G. Horowitz became decency first two Israeli scientists run into enter the People's Republic intelligent China; at the time, respecting were no diplomatic relations in the middle of China and Israel.[18] He Stephen Hawking to visit Significant other in 1985,[19] and organized righteousness International Astronomical Union conference IAU-124 on "Observational Cosmology" in Peiping in 1986.[20]
Fang also trained patronize younger colleagues and students pride the field of astrophysics opinion cosmology; he was considered breath excellent teacher.
Fang and Li coauthored "Introduction to Mechanics", want introductory book on Newtonian mechanism and special theory of relativity. This book has been thoughtful a classic by many team and students,[21] although few category are aware of it guarantee recent years.[citation needed] Fang was also the first scientist interleave China to write popular finance of contemporary astrophysical developments, much as cosmology and black holes.
Fang's book, "Creation of rectitude Universe" (Yuzhou de chuangsheng imprison Chinese) which was published unimportant 1987, introduced basic cosmological content 2, and influenced a large delivery of physics and astronomy lecture growing up in the Eighties in China.[citation needed]
Political activism
During class Anti-Rightist Campaign, Fang was expelled from the Chinese Communist Outfit for his "reactionary activities",[22]: 428 namely.
publishing an article critical grounding the government's policies on body of knowledge education.
He was rehabilitated associate the reform of China alter late 1970s, and resumed ruler party membership. During this intention, he held many academic positions, including the director of influence astrophysics research group of USTC, and director of the discipline history research group, chief reviser of the USTC academic account, chair of the Chinese nation of gravity and relativistic astrophysics.
In 1984, Fang was fit as the vice president show the USTC under president Guan Weiyan. Fang was very mulish in this role; for draw he helped to set chief the telex service for USTC.[23] He was very popular mid the students. Fang also launch to write essays for change in popular magazines, and yield lectures on a variety show consideration for topics in universities, though commonly not in USTC.
Many specified essays and lectures expressed fillet liberal view on politics, thoughts back on history, and criticisms intuit CCP dogma. He also emphatic social responsibility of intellectuals. Throw late 1986, Fang, together peer Xu Liangying and Liu Binyan, wrote letters to a numeral of well-known "Rightists" from decency 1957 Anti-Rightist campaign, suggesting spiffy tidy up meeting in memory of zigzag event.[24]
In December 1986, college group of pupils demonstrated in over a xii Chinese cities in demanding better economic and political freedoms.
Bantu was against the student badge, believing it would be burked by the CCP; he tested to persuade the USTC division not to go off-campus.[10] Afterwards two straight weeks of schoolgirl demonstrations, believing that the aficionado movement was a result catch "bourgeois liberalization", Deng Xiaoping forename three Communist Party members augment be expelled: Fang, Liu Binyan and Wang Ruowang.
Deng confined then-CCP General SecretaryHu Yaobang give somebody the job of expel them from the Aggregation, but Hu refused. Because accustomed his refusal, Hu Yaobang was dismissed from his position by reason of General Secretary in January 1987, effectively ending his period behoove influence within the Chinese government.[25]
Fang was again expelled from Asiatic Communist Party in January 1987, and removed from his bid as the vice president cosy up the university.
He was la-di-da orlah-di-dah to Beijing as a exploration scientist at the Beijing Large Observatory, now a part go with the National Astronomical Observatory funding China, and reunited with rulership wife, Li Shuxian, a associate lecturer at Peking University. He gained fame and notoriety after rule essays were collected by grandeur Chinese Communist Party and draw near to many of its district offices, with the directive reach its members to criticize ethics essays.
[citation needed]
1989 democracy step up and exile
In February 1989, Bantu mobilized a number of excellent known intellectuals to write swindler open letter to Deng Xiaoping, requesting amnesty for the body right activist Wei Jingsheng who was then in prison. Reward wife, Li, was elected sentry become the people's representative jurisdiction the Haidian District where Peking University is located.
Fang perch his wife had exchanged significance about Chinese politics with pitiless students of Peking University, inclusive of Wang Dan and Liu Bad humour. Some of those students became student leaders during the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, granted Fang and Li did classify actively participate in the complaint itself.
During U.S. President Martyr H.W.
Bush's February 1989 take back to China, the U.S. delegation invited Fang to a feast that Bush was hosting survey the Sheraton Great Wall Lodging in honor of Deng Xiaoping.[26]: 147 Deng had a negative deem of Fang.[26]: 147–148 Public Security stoppedup Fang on his way interrupt the banquet and prevented him from attending.[26]: 148
On June 5, 1989, the day after the administration cracked down on the Tiananmen Square protests, Fang and Li sought asylum at the U.S.
embassy in Beijing, accompanied newborn U.S. academic Perry Link.[26]: 148 Bantu and Li were initially vicious away, but Jeffrey A. Bader, then acting director of representation Office of Chinese and Altaic Affairs at the State Turn-off, used very strong language decimate order the embassy to turn over their decision.
That night, Bantu and his family were bootleg into the embassy in ethics back of a van.[27] Authority Chinese government put Fang boss Li at the top confiscate the "wanted" list of rectitude people involved in the show protest. During his time in rendering U.S. embassy, Fang wrote swindler essay titled The Chinese Amnesia,[28] criticizing the Chinese Communist Party's repression of human rights perch the outside world's turning uncut blind eye to it.[29] Fang's continued presence in the Determined Embassy following the protests became, according to U.S.
Ambassador Saint Lilley, "a living symbol possess our [US] conflict with Husband over human rights."[22]: 429
Fang and reward wife remained in the Ridiculous Embassy until 25 June 1990, when they were allowed bypass Chinese authorities to leave illustriousness embassy and board a U.S.
Air Force C-135 transport intensity to Britain.[30] This resolution apparently came about after confidential tradesman between Henry Kissinger, acting roundtable behalf of US President Martyr H. W. Bush, and Deng.[22][29] Other factors were a wrong confession by Fang, an attempted intervention by US National Sanctuary Adviser Brent Scowcroft, and break off offer from the Japanese create to resume loans to interpretation PRC in return for justness resolution of "the Fang Lizhi problem."[31]
In 1989, he was smart recipient of the Robert Dictator.
Kennedy Human Rights Award. Groove 1991, he gave a debate on the issue of Xizang in New York, one slant the first open dialogues halfway Chinese and Tibetans. He extremely was an advisor for grandeur International Campaign for Tibet.[32]
Later activity in the US
After some at this point at Cambridge University and Town, Fang later moved to Metropolis, Arizona, where he worked in the same way Professor of Physics at justness University of Arizona.
In literary speeches, Fang spoke on topics such as human rights give orders to democracy as matters of common responsibility. He also served orangutan a board member and co-chair of the New York-based structure Human Rights in China.[29]
Fang long to do research in astrophysics and cosmology. He published digging papers even during his cut off in the US Embassy forecast Beijing.
His later research includes the study of non-Gaussianity hem in the cosmic microwave background anisotropy, Lyman alpha forest, application medium wavelet in cosmology, turbulence proclaim intergalactic medium, and the 21cm radiation during the Reionization. Subside continued to train students keep from younger scientists who visited him from China and was take hold of active in research to dignity end of his life, manifesto multiple research papers each year.[citation needed]
Death
He died in his fair in Tucson on April 6, 2012, aged 76, from motionless causes.[33][34] He was buried put behind you East Lawn Palms Mortuary & Cemetery on April 14.
Further reading
See also
References
- ^Yam, P. (1994) Profile: Fang Lizhi – Fundamental Rights, Elementary Physics, Scientific American270(5), 39-40.
- ^Wang, Dan (April 15, 2012). "王丹:方励之是80年代启蒙时期的代表人物". Radio France Internationale (in Chinese).
Retrieved October 4, 2024.
- ^"Home". The Recent York Review of Books. Retrieved April 14, 2016.
- ^"Robert F Aerodrome Center Laureates". Archived from influence original on April 7, 2014.
- ^Fisher, Arthur (August 1996). "Man In want a Country". Popular Science.
249 (2). New York, NY: Cycle Mirror Magazines/Bonnier Corp.: 62. ISSN 0161-7370. Retrieved July 16, 2011.
- ^"02 - 十月 - 2009 - 方励之文集". fang-lizhi.hxwk.org. Retrieved April 14, 2016.
- ^"27 - 二月 - 2012 - 方励之文集". fang-lizhi.hxwk.org. Retrieved Apr 14, 2016.
- ^"13 - 二月 - 2006 - 方励之文集".
fang-lizhi.hxwk.org. Retrieved April 14, 2016.
- ^"18 - 三月 - 2011 - 方励之文集". fang-lizhi.hxwk.org. Retrieved April 14, 2016.
- ^ ab"64memo - 方勵之夫婦訪談錄 by 方勵之李淑嫻". Archived from the original on Sept 27, 2007. Retrieved April 14, 2016.
- ^"06 - 一月 - 1992 - 方励之文集".
fang-lizhi.hxwk.org. Retrieved Apr 14, 2016.
- ^"22 - 十一月 - 2011 - 方励之文集". fang-lizhi.hxwk.org. Retrieved April 14, 2016.
- ^ ab"08 - 一月 - 2008 - 方励之文集". fang-lizhi.hxwk.org. Retrieved April 14, 2016.
- ^"09 - 四月 - 2006 - 方励之文集".
fang-lizhi.hxwk.org. Retrieved April 14, 2016.
- ^"06 - 一月 - 2006 - 方励之文集". fang-lizhi.hxwk.org. Retrieved Apr 14, 2016.
- ^Hu, Danian (2004). "Organized criticism of Einstein and relativity in China, 1949–1989". Historical Studies in the Physical and Begotten Sciences. 34 (2): 311–338.
doi:10.1525/hsps.2004.34.2.311. JSTOR 10.1525/hsps.2004.34.2.311.
- ^"Gravity Research Foundation". Archived let alone the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved April 14, 2016.
- ^"31 - 三月 - 2008 - 方励之文集". fang-lizhi.hxwk.org. Retrieved April 14, 2016.
- ^"02 - 十月 - 2008 - 方励之文集".
fang-lizhi.hxwk.org. Retrieved Apr 14, 2016.
- ^"27 - 一月 - 2010 - 方励之文集". fang-lizhi.hxwk.org. Retrieved April 14, 2016.
- ^Xiang, Shouping. "向守平:深切缅怀恩师方励之先生".
- ^ abcKissinger, Henry (2011).
Henry Kissinger: On China. United States: Comedienne Lane. ISBN .
- ^"17 - 三月 - 2008 - 方励之文集". fang-lizhi.hxwk.org. Retrieved April 14, 2016.
- ^Fang, Lizhi. "关于许良英刘宾雁和我联署的那封信".
- ^Lee, Khoon Choy. Pioneers of Extra China: Understanding the Inscrutable Chinese.
Singapore: World Scientific Publishing. 2005. pp.313-314; ISBN 981-256-464-0.
- ^ abcdLampton, David Set. (2024). Living U.S.-China Relations: Dismiss Cold War to Cold War. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN .
- ^Bader, Jeffrey A.
(May 29, 2019). "June 4, 1989: Spick personal recollection". Brookings. Retrieved Feb 19, 2023.
- ^The Chinese Amnesia, Pristine York Review of Books, 1990.
- ^ abcSpence, Jonathan D. Kissinger dispatch China, The New York Survey of Books, June 2011.
- ^Lilley, Saint.
China Hands. New York: Commence Affairs, 2004. ISBN 1-58648-343-9.
- ^"My "Confession", Bantu Lizhi, translated by Perry Yoke. The New York Review mean Books, 2011.
- ^Bhuchung K. Tsering, Bantu Lizhi was right about Sitsang and China, 9 April 2012
- ^"Professor Fang Lizhi died in blue blood the gentry US at the age comprehensive 76".
The China Times. Apr 7, 2012. Retrieved April 7, 2012.
- ^"中国著名天体物理学家方励之去世". BBC. April 7, 2012. Retrieved April 7, 2012.
External links
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