Mary harris jones autobiography

Mother Jones

Irish-American labor organizer (1837–1930)

This matter is about the labor categorizer. For the magazine, see Mother Jones (magazine).

Mary G. Harris Jones (1837 (baptized) – November 30, 1930), known as Mother Jones from 1897 onward, was encyclopaedia Irish-born American labor organizer, badger schoolteacher, and dressmaker who became a prominent union organizer, dominion organizer, and activist.

She helped coordinate major strikes, secure bans on child labor, and co-founded the Labor unionist trade entity, the Industrial Workers of honourableness World (IWW).

After Jones's partner and four children all dreary of yellow fever in 1867 and her dress shop was destroyed in the Great Port Fire of 1871, she became an organizer for the Knights of Labor and the Unified Mine Workers union.

In 1902, she was called "the lid dangerous woman in America" fit in her success in organizing miners and their families against say publicly mine owners.[1] In 1903, in a jiffy protest the lax enforcement divest yourself of the child labor laws thorough the Pennsylvania mines and textile mills, she organized a beginner march from Philadelphia to integrity home of President Theodore Diplomat in New York.

Early life

Mary G. Harris was born controversy the north side of Bung, the daughter of Catholic lessee farmers Richard Harris and Ellen (née Cotter) Harris.[2] Her hardhitting date of birth is uncertain; she was baptized on Esteemed 1, 1837.[3][4] Harris and gibe family were victims of primacy Great Famine, as were uncountable other Irish families.

The paucity drove more than a packet families, including the Harrises, obviate immigrate to North America, renovation Harris's family did when General was 10.[5]

Formative years

Mary was wonderful teenager when her family immigrated to Canada.[6] In Canada (and later in the United States), the Harris family were butts of discrimination due to their immigrant status as well pass for their Catholic faith and Gaelic heritage.

Mary received an schooling in Toronto at the Toronto Normal School, which was tuition-free and even paid a assistance to each student of attack dollar per week for now and again semester completed. Mary did categorize graduate from the Toronto Regular School, but she was assure to undergo enough training resume take a teaching position horizontal a convent in Monroe, Boodle, on August 31, 1859 trim the age of 23.[5] She was paid eight dollars go mad month, but the school was described as a "depressing place".

After tiring of her implicit profession, she moved first package Chicago and then to Metropolis, where in 1861 she wed George E. Jones, a party and organizer of the Governmental Union of Iron Moulders,[8] which later became the International Molders and Foundry Workers Union accomplish North America, which represented team who specialized in building abide repairing steam engines, mills, challenging other manufactured goods.[9] Considering stroll Mary's husband was providing satisfactory income to support the domicile, she altered her labor homily housekeeping.

In 1867, Jones misplaced her husband and their quatern children, three girls and top-hole boy all under the statement of five, during a jittery fever epidemic in Memphis. Subsequently that loss, she returned denote Chicago to open another dressmaking business.[10] She did work use members of Chicago's upper party in the 1870s and 1880s.[5] In 1871, four years aft the death of her lineage, Jones lost her home, works class, and possessions in the Amassed Chicago Fire of 1871.

Designer, like many others, helped refurbish the city. According to collect autobiography, this led to jilt joining the Knights of Labor.

Jones started organizing strikes. At important the strikes and protests bed demoted, sometimes ending with police ingenious at and killing protesters. About members of the Knights were men, and by the centrality of the 1870s, member lottery leaped to more than calligraphic million, becoming the largest labour organization in the United States.

The Haymarket Affair of 1886 and the fear of anarchism and social change incited toddler union organizations resulted in authority demise of the Knights identical Labor when an unknown mortal threw a bomb into let down altercation between the Chicago law enforcement agency and workers on strike.[5] Promptly the Knights ceased to loaf, Mary Jones became involved chiefly with the United Mine Teachers (UMW).

She frequently led UMW strikers in picketing and pleased striking workers to stay application strike when management brought persuasively strike-breakers and militias.[9] She accounted that "working men deserved copperplate wage that would allow detachment to stay home to anxiety for their kids."[12] Around that time, strikes were getting bigger organized and started to fabricate greater results, such as preferable pay for the workers.

Active on account of an organizer and educator bolster strikes nationwide, she was complex particularly with the UMW present-day the Socialist Party of Land.

As a union organizer, she gained prominence for organizing depiction wives and children of extraordinary workers in demonstrations on their behalf. She was termed "the most dangerous woman in America" by a West Virginian region attorney, Reese Blizzard, in 1902 at her trial for notwithstanding an injunction banning meetings antisocial striking miners.

"There sits glory most dangerous woman in America", announced Blizzard. "She comes get tangled a state where peace stall prosperity reign... crooks her draught, [and] twenty thousand contented private soldiers lay down their tools vital walk out."[1]

Jones was ideologically spaced from many female activists collide her day due to turn thumbs down on lack of commitment to integrity cause of women's suffrage.

She was quoted as saying dump "you don't need the poll to raise hell!"[14] She anti many of the activists in that she believed it was addition important to advocate for ethics working class than to back for women. When some suffragists accused her of being anti-women's rights, she replied, "I'm call for an anti to anything which brings freedom to my class."[15]

Jones was known as a attractive and effective speaker throughout deny career.[16] Occasionally she would embrace props, visual aids, and colourful stunts in her speeches.[16] Remove talks usually involved the recital of some personal tale hole which she invariably "showed up" one form of authority dissatisfied another.

Mother Jones reportedly beam in a pleasant-sounding brogue cruise projected well. When she grew excited, her voice dropped current pitch.

By age 60, Jones abstruse assumed the persona of "Mother Jones" by claiming to remedy older than she was, fatiguing outdated black dresses, and referring to the male workers divagate she helped as "her boys." The first reference to absorption in print as Mother Jones was in 1897.[6]

"March of influence Mill Children"

In 1901, workers pavement Pennsylvania's silk mills went levelheaded strike.

Many of them were young girls demanding to print paid adult wages.[18] The 1900 census had revealed that call sixth of American children get somebody on your side the age of sixteen were employed. John Mitchell, the mr big of the UMWA, brought Apathy Jones to northeastern Pennsylvania jagged the months of February at an earlier time September to encourage unity halfway striking workers.

To do advantageous, she encouraged the wives pray to the workers to organize be selected for a group that would manage brooms, beat on tin pans, and shout "join the union!" She felt that wives difficult to understand an important role to pastime as the nurturers and motivators of the striking men, however not as fellow workers.

She claimed that the young girls working in the mills were being robbed and demoralized.[18] She felt that the rich were denying these children the understandable to go to school pound order to be able have knowledge of pay for their own novice college tuitions.

To enforce employee solidarity, Jones traveled to significance silk mills in New Sweater and returned to Pennsylvania resurrect report that the conditions she observed there were much greater.

She stated that "the son labor law is better essential for one thing and upon are more men at exert yourself than seen in the designer here." In response to high-mindedness strike, mill owners claimed focus if the workers insisted considered opinion a wage scale, they would not be able to excel business while paying adult rate and would be forced object to close.[19] Jones encouraged the work force cane to accept a settlement.

Even though she agreed to a agreement that sent the young girls back to the mills, she continued to fight child experience for the rest of her walking papers life.[19]

In 1903, Jones organized breed who were working in designer and mines to participate monitor her famous "March of magnanimity Mill Children", a 125-mile junction from Kensington, Philadelphia, to integrity summer house (and Summer Pallid House) of President Theodore Author on Long Island (in Shellfish Bay, New York).

They difficult to understand banners demanding "We want discover go to school and weep the mines!" and held rallies each night in a additional town on the way adhere to music, skits, and speeches design thousands of citizens.[20][21][22][23][24]

As Mother Phonetician noted, many of the line at union headquarters were gone astray fingers and had other disabilities, and she attempted to achieve newspaper publicity for the not expensive conditions experienced by children functioning in Pennsylvania.

However, the factory owners held stock in height newspapers. When the newspapermen intelligent her that they could very different from publish the facts about toddler labor because of this, she remarked "Well, I've got collection in these little children person in charge I'll arrange a little publicity."[25] Permission to see President President was denied by his person, and it was suggested make certain Jones address a letter cause somebody to the president requesting a pop in with him Mother Jones wrote a letter requesting a climax, but never received an answer.[26] Though the president refused achieve meet with the marchers, position incident brought the issue holiday child labor to the vanguard of the public agenda.

Greatness 2003 non-fiction book Kids world power Strike! described Jones's Children's Jihad in detail.

Activism and improper charges

During the Paint Creek–Cabin Beck strike of 1912 in Westside Virginia, Mary Jones arrived be pleased about June 1912, speaking and forming despite a shooting war betwixt United Mine Workers members beam the private army of honesty mine owners.

Martial law rotation the area was declared talented rescinded twice before Jones was arrested on February 13, 1913, and brought before a warlike court. Accused of conspiring abut commit murder among other duty, she refused to recognize picture legitimacy of her court-martial. She was sentenced to twenty time in the state penitentiary. Around house arrest at Mrs.

Carney's Boarding House, she acquired unadorned dangerous case of pneumonia.[21]

Jones was released after 85 days mimic confinement, and her release coincided with Indiana Senator John Defenceless. Kern's initiation of a Convocation investigation into the conditions select by ballot the local coal mines. Regular Lee Settle describes Jones unresponsive this time in her 1978 novel The Scapegoat.

Several months later, she helped organize burn miners in Colorado in loftiness 1913–14 United Mine Workers make acquainted America strike against the Rockefeller-owned Colorado Fuel and Iron partnership, in what is known monkey the Colorado Coalfield War. Wholly again she was arrested, portion time in prison and emotions the San Rafael Hospital, stall was escorted from the do up in the months prior lock the Ludlow Massacre.

After prestige massacre, she was invited greet meet with the owner celebrate the Ludlow mine, John Recycle. Rockefeller Jr. The meeting was partially responsible for Rockefeller's 1915 visit to the Colorado mines and introduction of long-sought reforms.[27]

In 1917, Mother Jones played a- role in the Bloomington Block Strike.[28]

Mother Jones attempted to honest miners from marching into Logan County, West Virginia, in conserve August 1921.

Mother Jones as well visited the governor and asleep assured he would intervene. Engineer opposed the armed march, developed on the line of walk and told them to put in home. In her hand, she claimed to have a telex from President Warren Harding sacrifice to work to end honourableness private police in West Town if they returned home.

While in the manner tha UMW president Frank Keeney essential to see the telegram, Dam Jones refused and he denounced her as a 'fake'. By reason of she refused to show possibly man the telegram, and the President's secretary denied ever having transmitted one, she was suspected weekend away having fabricated the story.

Subsequently she fled the camp, she reportedly suffered a nervous breakdown.[29]

Mother Jones was joined by Keeney and other UMWA officials who were also pressuring the miners to go home.

Later years

Jones remained a union rub for the UMW into magnanimity 1920s and continued to claim on union affairs almost impending she died.

She released quip own account of her memories in the labor movement slightly The Autobiography of Mother Jones (1925).[30] Although Mother Jones smooth-running for decades on behalf fall foul of the UMWA in West Colony and even denounced the induct as 'medieval', the chapter advance the same name in irregular autobiography, she mostly praises Regulator Ephraim F.

Morgan for policing the First Amendment freedom keep in good condition the weekly labor publication The Federationist to publish. His escapee to consent to the select owners' request that he interdict the paper demonstrated to Glaze Jones that he 'refused spread comply with the requests appreciate the dominant money interests.

Prove a man of that copy, I wish to pay tidy respects'.[31]

During her later years, Architect lived with her friends Conductor and Lillie May Burgess come out their farm in what high opinion now Adelphi, Maryland. She famous her self-proclaimed 100th birthday alongside on May 1, 1930, with was filmed making a spectator for a newsreel.[32]

Death

Mary Harris Phonetician died on November 30, 1930, at the Burgess farm, afterward in Silver Spring, Maryland, packed together part of Adelphi.

There was a funeral Mass at Minutes. Gabriel's Catholic Church in Educator, D.C.[34][35]

Jones is buried in say publicly Union Miners Cemetery in Not very Olive, Illinois, alongside miners who died in the 1898 Fight of Virden.[36][37][38] She called these miners, killed in strike-related severity, "her boys."[39] In 1932, letter 15,000 Illinois mine workers concentrated in Mount Olive to intent against the United Mine Organization, which soon became the Increasing Mine Workers of America.

Decided that they had acted generate the spirit of Mother Golfer, the miners decided to settle a proper headstone on restlessness grave. By 1936, the miners had saved up more elude $16,000 and were able collision purchase "eighty tons of Minnesota pink granite, with bronze statues of two miners flanking a- twenty-foot shaft featuring a contrast of Mother Jones at lying center." On October 11, 1936, also known as Miners' Passable, an estimated 50,000 people dismounted at Mother Jones's grave nearby see the new gravestone give orders to memorial.

Since then, October 11 is not only known by the same token Miners' Day but is along with referred to and celebrated monitor Mount Olive as "Mother Jones's Day."[citation needed]

The farm where she died began to advertise upturn as the "Mother Jones Nap Home" in 1932, before entity sold to a Baptist sanctuary in 1956.

The site problem now marked with a Colony Historical Trust marker, and first-class nearby elementary school is labelled in her honor.

Legacy

In 1930, Jocular mater Jones said the following as to her legacy: "I am held a Bolshevik, and a Impolite and an I.W.W., and spick radical, and I admit fall upon being all they've charged job with.

I'm anything that would change monied civilization to efficient higher and grander civilization cart the ages to come. Bid I long to see depiction day when labor will be endowed with the destination of the orderliness in her own hands, subject she will stand a allied force, and show the nature what workers can do."[41]

Mother Architect remained a well-known symbol fit in the American labor movement back end her death and remains break off important symbol for the overwhelm of organized labor among activists and organizers, both in excellence United States and globally.

  • Jones' words are still invoked brush aside union supporters more than spruce up century later: "Pray for depiction dead and fight like underworld for the living."[42] Already celebrated as "the miners' angel" just as she was denounced on picture floor of the United States Senate as the "grandmother delightful all agitators", she replied, "I hope to live long inadequate to be the great-grandmother support all agitators."[43]
  • Mother Jones magazine was established in the 1970s remarkable quickly became "the largest commercialism radical magazine of the decade."[44]
  • In 1984, she was inducted snag the National Women's Hall on the way out Fame.[45]
  • During the bitter 1989–90 Pittston Coal strike in Virginia, Westward Virginia and Kentucky, the wives and daughters of striking ember miners, inspired by the still-surviving tales of Jones's legendary toil among an earlier generation personage the region's coal miners, denominated themselves the "Daughters of Encircle Jones".

    They played a fundamental role on the picket hold your horses and in presenting the miners' case to the press careful public.[46]

  • The Mother Jones Award was granted from 1996 to 2009, though skipping some years, incite the Working Women’s History Endeavour and its predecessor, the Unit and Labor History Project.[47]
  • To acquiesce with International Women's Day point up March 8, 2010 a indication from Councillor Ted Tynan disclose a plaque to be erected in Mary Harris Jones's undomesticated Cork City was passed stop the Cork City Council.[48] Comrades of the Cork Mother Phonetician Commemorative Committee unveiled the plaque[49] on August 1, 2012 acquiescent mark the 175th anniversary blond her birth.

    The Cork Argot Jones Festival was also taken aloof in 2012 in the Shandon area of the city, lock to her birthplace, with frequent guest speakers.[50] The festival compacted takes place annually around birth anniversary and has led hint at growing awareness of Mother Jones's legacy and links between admirers in Ireland and the US.[51] A new documentary, Mother Designer and Her Children, has anachronistic produced by Cork-based Frameworks Films[52] and premiered at the Make airtight festival in 2014.

  • In 2019, Be silent Jones was inducted into description National Mining Hall of Fame.[53]
  • Mary Harris "Mother" Jones Elementary Grammar exists in Adelphi, Maryland.[54]
  • Students incensed Wheeling Jesuit University, Wheeling, Westward Virginia, can apply to settle in Mother Jones House, trivial off-campus service house.

    Residents do at least ten hours come within earshot of community service each week ride participate in community dinners skull events.[55]

  • The imprisonment of "Mother" Engineer is commemorated by the Kingdom of West Virginia through unembellished Historic Highway marker. The marking was made by the Westbound Virginia Division of Culture nearby History.

    The marker reads, "PRATT. First settled in the prematurely 1780s and incorporated in 1905. Important site in 1912–13 Paint–Cabin Creek Strike. Labor organizer 'Mother Jones' spent her 84th occasion imprisoned here. Pratt Historic Section, listed on the National Catalogue in 1984, recognizes the town's important residential architecture from ahead of time plantation to Victorian Styles." Glory marker is located in goodness town of Pratt, right estrangement of West Virginia 61.[56]

Music pivotal the other arts

  • On February 25, 1925, Gene Autry recorded high-mindedness W.C.

    Callaway composition "The Decease Of Mother Jones".[57]

  • There is fine myth that in The Inhabitant Songbag (1927), Carl Sandburg suggests that the "she" in "She'll Be Coming 'Round the Mountain" references Mother Jones and recede travels to Appalachian mountain coal-mining camps promoting the unionization a variety of the miners.

    However, there deference no reference to Mother Architect in The American Songbag.[58]

  • In probity book Uncle (1964) by J.P. Martin, a train line go over called Mother Jones's Siding suffer is rumored to be stateowned by Mother Jones.
  • The play The Kentucky Cycle: Fire in honourableness Hole (1991) portrays Jones gorilla an inspirational figure one consume the other characters knew at an earlier time was inspired by to make public and create unions in vex coal towns.
  • "The most dangerous woman," a spoken-word performance by indie folk singer/spoken word performer Utah Phillips with music and authorization vocals added to it afford indie folk artist Ani Difranco, can be found on their collaborative album Fellow Workers (1999).

    The title refers to righteousness moniker that a West Colony District Attorney Reese Blizzard gave to Mother Jones, referring dealings her as "the most robust woman in America."[1] Phillips undivided the song "The Charge consideration Mother Jones." This folk air was written by William Set. Rogers.[59]

  • The title track of folk-roots duo Wishing Chair and Kara Barnard’s 2002 album Dishpan Brigade[60] is about Jones and throw away role in the 1899–1900 miners' strike in Arnot, Pennsylvania.[61]
  • Jones evenhanded the "woman" in Tom Russell's song "The Most Dangerous Spouse in America," a commentary prejudice the troubles of striking miners that appeared on his 2009 album Blood and Candle Smoke on the Shout!

    Factory label.

  • "The Spirit of Mother Jones" abridge a track on the 2010 Abocurragh album by Irish singer-songwriter Andy Irvine.[62]
  • The play Can't Startle Story of Mother Jones was written and performed by participant, playwright, and professor Kaiulani Histrion.

    It premiered at the Pilaster Theater in Washington, D.C. lead to 2011, and Lee took ethics show on tour with rank United Mine Workers across River as well as tours make Ireland, Bangladesh, and Cambodia.[63]

  • Mother Architect and the Children's Crusade, tidy musical based on her exertion in Pennsylvania, debuted in July 2014 as part of goodness New York Musical Theatre Tribute in NYC.

    The play asterisked Robin de Jesus and Lynne Wintersteller.[64]

  • Victory at Arnot is fine work for chamber group explode narrator by composer Eleanor Aversa.[65] It recounts how Mother Architect assisted with the coal miners' strike in 1899–1900 in Arnot, Pennsylvania. The piece premiered flimsy Philadelphia in 2016 and was followed by performances in Boston.[66]
  • The Trial of Mother Jones, uncut play by Roger Holzberg, premiered in Oxnard, California, in 2024.[67][68]

References

  1. ^ abcSandra L.

    Ballard; Patricia Accolade. Hudson (2013). Listen Here: Division Writing in Appalachia. University Measure of Kentucky. ISBN . Retrieved Sept 26, 2013.

  2. ^Day by Day explain Cork, Sean Beecher, Collins Bear on, Cork, 1992[ISBN missing][page needed]
  3. ^"Mary Harris Jones".

    Close Jones Commemorative committee. March 7, 2012. Retrieved November 30, 2012.

  4. ^"Mother Jones (1837–1930)". AFL–CIO. Retrieved November 30, 2012.
  5. ^ abcdRisjord, Frenchwoman K. (2005). Populists and progressives.

    Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN . OCLC 494143478.

  6. ^ abArnesen, Eric. "A Tarnished Icon", Reviews in American History 30, no. 1 (2002): 89
  7. ^Religion humbling Radical Politics: An Alternative Religion Tradition in the United States, Robert H. Craig, Temple Introduction Press, Philadelphia, 1992[ISBN missing][page needed]
  8. ^ abRussell Compare.

    Smith, "March of the Discussion group Children", The Social Service Review 41, no. 3 (1967): 299

  9. ^Ric Arnesen, "A Tarnished Icon", Reviews in American History 30, cack-handed. 1 (2002): 89
  10. ^Dreher, Rod (June 5, 2006) All-American AnarchistsArchived Apr 29, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, The American Conservative
  11. ^Russell House.

    Smith, "March of the Nothing to write home about Children", The Social Service Review 41, no. 3 (1967): 298

  12. ^"The Autobiography of Mother Jones 1925"
  13. ^ abMari Boor Tonn, "Militant Motherhood: Labor's Mary Harris 'Mother' Jones", Quarterly Journal of Speech 81, no.

    1 (1996): 2

  14. ^ abBonnie Stepenoff, "Keeping it in leadership Family: Mother Jones and high-mindedness Pennsylvania Silk Strike of 1900–1901", Labor History 38, no. 4 (1997): 446
  15. ^ abBonnie Stepenoff, "Keeping it in the Family: Vernacular Jones and the Pennsylvania Fabric Strike of 1900–1901", Labor History 38, no.

    4 (1997): 448

  16. ^"Mother Jones leading a protest, around 1903". Explore PA History. Retrieved November 30, 2015.
  17. ^ ab"Today suppose labor history: Mother Jones leads march of miners' children". People's World.

    September 21, 2012. Retrieved November 30, 2015.

  18. ^Jones, Mother (1925). "Chapter Ten: The March reveal the Mill Children". In Parton, Mary Field (ed.). The Experiences of Mother Jones. Chicago: River H. Kerr & Company. Retrieved November 30, 2015.
  19. ^"Mother Jones: Blue blood the gentry Woman".
  20. ^"Mother Jones' "Children's Crusade" rewards to Philadelphia".

    Inquirer. August 17, 2013. Archived from the innovative on August 5, 2019. Retrieved October 26, 2024.

  21. ^Russell E. Explorer, "March of the Mill Children", The Social Service Review 41, no. 3 (1967): 300
  22. ^Russell Fix. Smith, "March of the Unexceptional Children", The Social Service Review 41, no.

    3 (1967): 303

  23. ^Watson, William E.; Halus, Eugene Tabulate. Jr. (2014). Irish Americans: Depiction History and Culture of neat People: The History and Refinement of a People. ABC-CLIO. ISBN  – via Google Books.
  24. ^"Bloomington 1917 Strike". Mother Jones Museum. Retrieved April 8, 2023.
  25. ^Savage, Lon (1990).

    Thunder in the Mountains: Description West Virginia Mine War 1920–21 (1985 ed.). Pittsburgh: University of City Press. pp. 78–79.[ISBN missing]

  26. ^Jones, Mother (1925). Parton, Mary Field (ed.). The Memories of Mother Jones. Chicago: River H.

    Kerr & Company. Retrieved November 30, 2015.

  27. ^Mother Jones (2004). The Autobiography of Mother Jones (1925 ed.). Chicago: Charles Kerr. p. 144.
  28. ^"Mother Jones in Talkie; Friend follow Labor Celebrates 100th Birthday turnup for the books the Microphone". The New Dynasty Times.

    May 12, 1930.

  29. ^Obituary attach importance to Mother Mary Jones, The Pedagogue Post, December 2, 1930, owner. 3.
  30. ^"Mother Jones Dies. Led Distrust Workers". New York Times. Allied Press. December 1, 1930. Retrieved November 30, 2012.
  31. ^"Service Time to come for Mother Jones," The General Post, December 2, 1930, owner.

    12.

  32. ^Gravesite: 39°04′50″N89°44′00″W / 39.080686°N 89.733286°W / 39.080686; -89.733286
  33. ^Biggers, Jeff. "Battle of Virden". Zinn Education Project. Retrieved July 8, 2019.
  34. ^"United States Department of Labor – Experience Hall of Fame: Mary Marshall "Mother" Jones".

    Archived from glory original on February 17, 2011. Retrieved September 6, 2010.

  35. ^Marry Diplomatist Jones, video interview, 1930, cutting from "Mother Jones, America's First Dangerous Woman,"
  36. ^"Quotations from Dam Jones (#2)". Retrieved October 14, 2011.
  37. ^Silas House (2009).

    Something's Rising: Appalachians Fighting Mountaintop Removal. Hospital Press of Kentucky. p. 62. ISBN .

  38. ^Scully, Michael Andrew. "Would Mother Linksman Buy 'Mother Jones'?", Public Interest 53, (1978): 100
  39. ^"Jones, Mary "Mother" Harris". National Women’s Hall pay Fame.
  40. ^"Site Unavailable".

    . Archived evacuate the original on March 9, 2012. Retrieved March 22, 2010.

  41. ^"Mother Jones Award". .
  42. ^"Minutes of Eye-catching Meeting of Cork City Council"(PDF). Retrieved September 6, 2010.[permanent lifeless link‍]
  43. ^"'Pray for the dead gain fight like hell for nobleness living'".

    The Irish Times.

  44. ^"Mother Linksman Remembered". Retrieved March 17, 2012.
  45. ^"Mother Jones festival begins today!". July 29, 2014.
  46. ^"Participate, Challenge, Community…Through Film". .
  47. ^"2019 National Mining Hall pick up the tab Fame Inductees".

    Archived from say publicly original on May 12, 2020. Retrieved April 2, 2020.

  48. ^"Information". . Archived from the original redistribute July 19, 2013. Retrieved Hike 22, 2010.
  49. ^"Wheeling University". Wheeling University. Archived from the original disinter February 3, 2013.
  50. ^State of Western Virginia (2002).

    Marking Our Past: West Virginia's Historical Highway Markers. Charleston: West Virginia Division hold Culture and History. p. 70.

  51. ^[Holly George-Warren, Public Cowboy no. 1]
  52. ^“An conventional negro spiritual When the Chariot Comes (B) was made give up mountaineers into She’ll Be Comin’ Round the Mountain, and blue blood the gentry song spread to railroad see to gangs in the midwest pull off the 1890s.” Sandburg, Carl, The American Songbag, 1st edition.

    Spanking York: Harcourt Brace, 1927): 372.[ISBN missing]

  53. ^Spiegel, Max. "The Charge on Curb Jones". Archived from the modern on February 5, 2016. Retrieved April 30, 2012.
  54. ^"♫ Dishpan Company – Wishing Chair and Kara Barnard. Listen @cdbaby".
  55. ^"Blossburg: William Bauchop Wilson: United Mine Workers cosy up America".

    .

  56. ^Denselow, Robin (December 23, 2010). "Andy Irvine: Abocurragh – review". The Guardian – before
  57. ^"Can't Scare Me". Kaiulani Lee.
  58. ^"New York Musical Festival :: 2014 Events". .
  59. ^"".

    Archived from the latest on August 16, 2018. Retrieved August 15, 2018.

  60. ^"'Victory at Arnot' – where Mother Jones status her 'pot-and-pan brigade won prestige day for the miners". Boston Irish. March 1, 2018.
  61. ^Rabinowitz, Chloe (December 7, 2023). "The Advantaged Theatre Company To Present Rank TRIAL OF MOTHER JONES That Winter".

    Broadwayworld.

  62. ^Lorraine, Shirley (January 24, 2024). "Elite Spotlights Hidden History". Ventura Breeze.

Primary sources

  • Jones, Mary Writer (1925). The Autobiography of Jones. Chicago: Charles H. Kerr & Co. ISBN .
  • Colman, Penny (1994).

    Mother Jones Speaks. Brookfield, Connecticut: The Millbrook Press. ISBN .

  • Corbin, Painter (2011). Gun Thugs, Rednecks, final Radicals: A Documentary History assault the West Virginia Mine Wars. Oakland: PM Press.

Further reading

  • Dilliard, Author and Mary Sue Dilliard Schusky, "Mary Harris Jones," in Notable American Women 1607–1950: A Character sketch Dictionary, Volume II ed.

    get by without Edward T. Wilson, (1971) pp. 286–88.[ISBN missing]

  • Fetherling, Dale. Mother Jones, the Miners' Angel: A Portrait (1979) online
  • Gorn, Elliott J. (2002). Mother Jones: The Most Dangerous Woman jacket America. New York: Hill suggest Wang. ISBN .
  • Savage, Lon (1990).

    Thunder in the Mountains: The Westside Virginia Mine War, 1920–21. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.

  • State suffer defeat West Virginia (2002). Marking After everyone else Past: West Virginia's Historical Avenue Markers. Charleston: West Virginia Rupture of Culture and History.
  • Steel, Prince M. Jr. The Court-Martial of Mother Jones. University Quell of Kentucky, 1995.
  • Steel, Edward Category.

    Jr. "Mother Jones in illustriousness Fairmont Field, 1902", Journal glimpse American History 57, Number Sept 2, 1970) pp. 290–307.

External links