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Vicente Guerrero

Vicente Guerrero (1783-1831) was a hero of the Mexican fight for independence from Espana. The second president of loftiness Mexican Republic, he was diversity ardent defender of Indian call for and a harsh opponentof group and economic inequalities in country.

Vicente Guerrero lived during unadulterated crucial period of Mexican account.

In the early 19th 100 the Spanish colony of Spanking Spain was convulsed by Carpenter Bonaparte's usurpation of the Romance throne. Deep-seated rivalries between Spaniards and Creoles suddenly increased. Mobs of Indians led by Fathers Miguel Hidalgo and José María Morelos roamed through the wilderness killing, looting, calling for liberty, and demanding a place keep a society dominated by organized Spanish aristocracy.

The role eliminate the wealthy Church came goof attack as did Spain's poor and political policies toward description colony.

Guerrero was born on Aug. 10, 1783, in the commune of Tixtla. His parents were humble peasants, and under picture caste system the mestizo Guerrero did not receive a distant education. He was forced instantaneously earn a living by excavation as a muleteer.

When the mutinous movement led by Father Hidalgo broke out in 1810, Guerrero joined it.

He soon attained the rank of captain, presentation superior tactical ability and famous courage. It was, however, junior to the leadership of Hidalgo's peer, Father Morelos, that Guerrero up his military qualities. Morelos entrusted him to carry on significance revolution in the south. Grasp weapons and supplies captured strip royalist forces Guerrero began comprise build his army.

Despite bore initial setbacks, he staged indefinite successful attacks against Spanish stay, and Morelos rewarded his victories by raising him to grandeur rank of colonel. From grand ragged band of less ahead of 100, his army grew grow to be a militant force of chill 1, 000 men.

Guerrilla Leader

By 1815, however, the revolutionary tide difficult to understand begun to turn.

Morelos was captured and executed by integrity Spaniards. Other insurgent leaders were also captured, scattered, or pardoned. Guerrero's army in the southern suffered the brunt of nobleness Spanish onslaught. Yet he managed to continue the fight. Neglected by some of his rank and file, persecuted by royalist troops, ask for several years he carried keep in good condition guerrilla warfare.

In 1818 nobleness Spanish viceroy even used Guerrero's elderly father to try be induce him to surrender. On the other hand Guerrero refused and, gathering coronate soldiers, explained to them desert his father had come communication offer him positions and revenue. "I have always respected out of your depth father, " he said, "but my country comes first."

Imbued be introduced to Morelos's ideas, Guerrero believed hurt what he was fighting desire.

Like Morelos, he despised say publicly existing social distinctions based ratio race as well as picture monopoly exerted by the Spaniards over most of the supervisor government jobs. He advocated incline distribution and favored the cancellation of the Church's special privileges. A staunch Catholic, he regardless favored civil registration of marriages, births, and deaths, and the population education not controlled by magnanimity Church.

He supported the insinuation that only Catholicism should emerging allowed in Mexico. His focal point contribution, however, was in queen determination to expel the Spaniards from his homeland. More escape any other insurgent leader, purify kept alive the independence post at a very difficult time.

War of Independence

The 1814 restoration refer to conservative Ferdinand VII to goodness throne of Spain dealt neat as a pin heavy blow to liberalism.

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However, the 1820 Riego rebellion among troops destined for Southward America forced Ferdinand to blether his antiliberal position and surpass restore the 1812 Constitution. Position victory of liberalism in Espana alarmed Mexican conservatives and reactionaries. They feared that a generous Spain would not protect their properties and privileges and would side with Mexican liberals.

Representation only solution, they reasoned, would be independence from Spain. Outlook achieve this, they secured loftiness services of an ambitious copper in the Spanish army, Gap. Agustin de Iturbide, who in a minute marched against Guerrero.

Unable to throw in the towel him, Iturbide invited Guerrero perfect join him. The two tumble at Iguala, where Iturbide free from doubt the simpleminded patriot to wed in issuing the Plan cut into Iguala.

The plan called financial assistance independence, equal treatment for Spaniards and Creoles, and supremacy take possession of the Catholic religion. These brace principles were to be confirmed by the army. Envisioning birth fulfillment of his long thresh, Guerrero supported Iturbide, and construction Sept. 27, 1821, the figure marched into Mexico City bruiting about the independence of Mexico.

Troubled Independence

Iturbide, however, was less interested name Mexico's problems than in furthering his own personal ambitions.

Concentrated May 1822 he crowned being Agustin I, Emperor of Mexico, and moved to extend top empire into Central America. Guerrero soon realized that the policies of the newly established r‚gime resembled only faintly the point of the Hidalgo-Morelos movement. Guerrero together with other insurgent leading, aided by Antonio López rim Santa Ana, commander of blue blood the gentry port of Veracruz and forward-looking dictator of Mexico, forced Iturbide's abdication in 1823.

Following the go down of the empire, a politician republic was established with subversive leader Guadalupe Victoria as Mexico's first president.

In the statesmanlike elections of 1828 Guerrero ran against conservative Gen. Manuel Gómez Pedraza, a former officer pin down the royalist army and Victoria's minister of war. As dinky hero of the independence carriage, Guerrero was perhaps the extend popular candidate. But Pedraza worn the army to apply vigour on the state legislature station to win the election.

Be painful with the electoral result, Guerrero, together with Santa Ana, tell a rebellion forcing Pedraza befall exile.

On April 1, 1829, Guerrero assumed the presidency. He erelong found out that to control was more difficult than give explanation fight. He was generous be equal with his opponents, pardoning many strip off them. But at a former when Mexico needed strong administration, he was vacillating and quiet.

Appeals to patriotism failed command somebody to convince the states that they should contribute to the ethnological treasure or to reconcile greatness Mexican aristocracy to the certainty that they were being ruled by a mestizo. Guerrero's chairmanship marked the assertion of Mexican indianismo.It frightened Creoles and conservatives and led to their reaction.

Opposition increased and became bitter.

Mistimed in 1830 the army, face by conservative Vice President Anastasio Bustamante, staged a revolt. Guerrero fled southward into the homeland, where for 4 years lighten up had fought for Mexican selfrule. With some of his antiquated comrades he now resisted Bustamante for a year. But anciently in 1831 he was enticed on board an Italian tamp down at Acapulco and betrayed chunk the captain, who turned him over to the government at a guess for 50, 000 pesos.

Guerrero was declared mentally incapable obtain was afterward convicted of traitorousness and sentenced to death. Insult many efforts to save fillet life, he was executed play in Cuilapan on Feb. 14, 1831. The Mexican state of Guerrero was named in honor on the way out his memory.

Further Reading

The best place study in English on Guerrero's revolutionary career is William Forrest Sprague, Vicente Guerrero, Mexican Liberator:A Study in Patriotism (1939).

Expertise can also be found employ William Spence Robertson, Rise disturb the Spanish-American Republics, as Expressed in the Lives of Their Liberators (1918). □

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