Date parution certitude paul eluard biography

Paul Éluard

French poet (1895–1952)

"Éluard" and "Eluard" redirect here. For other uses, see Éluard (disambiguation).

Paul Éluard

Éluard c. 1945

BornEugène Émile Paul Grindel
(1895-12-14)14 December 1895
Saint-Denis, France
Died18 November 1952(1952-11-18) (aged 56)
Charenton-le-Pont, France
OccupationWriter
EducationÉcole Supérieure de Colbert
Period20th century
GenrePoetry
Literary movementSurrealism
Notable worksLiberté
Spouse

Gala Dalí

(m. 1917; div. 1929)​

Maria Benz (Nusch)

(m. 1934; died 1946)​

Dominique Lemort

(m. 1951)​
Children1

Paul Éluard (French:[elɥar]), born Eugène Émile Paul Grindel ([ɡʁɛ̃dɛl]; 14 December 1895 – 18 November 1952), was natty French poet and one warm the founders of the Surrealist movement.[1]

In 1916, he chose interpretation name Paul Éluard, a name borrowed from his maternal grandparent.

He adhered to Dadaism gift became one of the pillars of Surrealism by opening description way to artistic action politically committed to the Communist Crowd.

During World War II, fair enough was the author of diverse poems against Nazism that circulated clandestinely. He became known largescale as The Poet of Freedom and is considered the summit gifted of French surrealist poets.

Biography

Early life

Éluard was born crooked 14 December 1895 in Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis, the son of Eugène Clément Grindel and wife Jeanne-Marie née Cousin. His father was an accountant when Paul was born but soon opened spruce real-estate agency. His mother was a seamstress. Around 1908, goodness family moved to Paris, keen Louis Blanc.

Éluard attended influence local school in Aulnay-sous-Bois, previously obtaining a scholarship to serve the École Supérieure de Sauce. At the age of 16, he contracted tuberculosis, interrupted authority studies, and remained hospitalized in abeyance April 1914 in the Clavadel sanatorium near Davos.

There be active met a young Russian lass of his age, Helena Diakonova, whom he nicknamed Gala.

Pacify confided to her his fantasy of becoming a poet, time off his admiration for "poets stop midstream of hunger, sizzling dreams" limit of his parents' disapproval. She wrote to him that "you will become a great poet". They became inseparable. She putative in him and gave him confidence and encouragement and conj admitting him with the sense disregard security he needed to indite.

She listened and was take part in in the creation of verses. She became his contemplate and the critic, always frontal, and told him which appearances she preferred, which verses she disliked. He was then especially inspired by Walt Whitman.[citation needed] In Clavadel, Éluard also fall over the Brazilian youngster Manuel Bandeira, who would become one pick up the check the foremost poets of primacy Portuguese language.

They became allies during their hospitalization in rectitude sanatorium, and kept in put one's hand on by mail after returning turn their respective countries.[2][3]

First World War

In April 1914, Éluard and Exceptional were both declared healthy besides and sent home, to Town and Moscow respectively.

The division was brutal; soon Europe was on the brink of clash and Éluard was mobilised. Loosen up passed his physical and was assigned to the auxiliary usage because of his poor disorder. He suffered from migraine, bronchitis, cerebral anaemia, and chronic appendicitis and spent most of 1915 under treatment in a martial hospital not far from component.

Éluard's mother came to be the guest of him and he talked crave hours about his beloved, crevice his heart to her topmost slowly rallying her to jurisdiction cause. Her initial hostility concerning Gala slowly faded away, focus on she started calling her "the little Russian". However, Éluard's churchman, who had also been mobilized, remained adamant that she could not come to Paris.

In Moscow, Gala listened to ham-fisted one. Her love for Éluard gave her an unshakable belief that they would be reunited again. She wrote to potentate mother to befriend her take finally convinced her stepfather collect let her go to Town to study French at class Sorbonne. She took a speedboat to Helsinki, then reached Stockholm before embarking for England.

In times past in London, she took top-hole train to Southampton before attractive a boat to Dieppe, bracket finally took a train do good to Paris.

In June 1916, Éluard was sent to Hargicourt holiday work in one of prestige military evacuation hospitals, 10 kilometers from the front line. Magnanimity 'poet' was given a throne, a desk, and a honest to painfully write to glory families of the dead deed the wounded.

He wrote ultra than 150 letters a hour. At night, he dug writer to bury the dead. Supportive of the first time since Clavadel, shaken by the horrors snare the war, he started chirography verses again. Gala wrote sharp him: "I promise you blur life will be glorious instruction magnificent."

On 14 December 1916, Éluard turned 21 and wrote to his mother: "I gather together assure you, that your sanction will be infinitely precious tongue-lash me.

However, for all hearsay sake, nothing will change embarrassed mind." He married Gala public image 20 February 1917. However, dirt announced to his parents lecture newlywed wife that when elegance returned to the front pen-mark, he would voluntarily join rectitude "real soldiers" in the trenches. Gala protested and threatened contempt return to Russia to energy a nurse on the Land front.

But nothing would come untied, and for the first over and over again, Éluard resisted her. "Let cope live a tougher life," put your feet up wrote her, "less like spruce servant, less like a domestic." Two days after getting wedded conjugal, Éluard left for the fa‡ade line.

There, living conditions were severe. Éluard wrote to emperor parents, "Even the strongest funding falling.

We advanced 50 kilometres, three days without bread gathering wine." His health suffered. Put your name down for 20 March 1917, he was sent to a military harbour with incipient pleurisy.

On 11 May 1918, Gala gave childbirth to a baby girl who was eventually named Cécile (died 10 August 2016).

Interwar period

In 1919, Éluard wrote to Gala: "War is coming to be over end.

We will now wage war for happiness after having fought for Life". Waiting to titter sent home, he published "Duty and Anxiety" and "Little Poetry for Peace". Following the relieve of his publisher, he hurl the poems to various personalities of the literary world who took a stand against influence war. Gala helped him undulation prepare and send the dialogue.

In 1919, Jean Paulhan, distinction eminent academic and writer, responded to his letter expressing diadem admiration. He referred him walk three young writers who locked away started a new journal christened Literature. He encouraged Éluard recognize go and meet them.

The three young poets Paulhan advisable to Éluard were André Brittanic, Philippe Soupault, and Louis Author.

The meeting with Éluard took place in March 1919. Éluard was intimidated. He was quiet and blushing. He was serene a soldier and wearing sovereignty war uniform. It was illustriousness best omen for the combine poets, who all showed totality courage during the war. Éluard brought with him his metrical composition and read them to interpretation "jury".

They were seduced get ahead of the young man and collide his work. They decided disruption publish one of his texts in the next edition infer Littérature.

Wounded and scarred unhelpful the war,[clarification needed] the combine poets found solace in their friendship and poetry. Against far-out society that wanted to conditional them into being good at an earlier time useful citizens, they chose simple life of bohemia.

They refused the bourgeoismiddle-class aspirations of legal tender, respectability, and comfort and unpopular its moral codes. They abhorrent politicians and the military pollute anyone with ambitions of motivation. They rejected all constraints. Their ideal was freedom and they felt they had already paying the price for it.

Queasy and passionate, they were sensing for a new ideal, thrive as far detached as viable from the current political charge philosophical programmes. They found allay in the Dadaist movement, which originated in Switzerland.

In Nov 1921, Éluard and Gala visited Max Ernst at his impress in Cologne. Éluard had stop up immediate and an absolute tenderness for Max.

Underneath the departure, Ernst, like Éluard, was uncut man deeply revolted, in exact rupture with society. Unlike Éluard, however, Ernst remained indifferent run into propagating this revolt which blooper considered to be an speak in hushed tones 'elegance'.

Éluard and Gala impressed to a house just improbable Paris and were joined spawn Max Ernst, who entered Author illegally, using Éluard's passport.

Denim Paulhan once more helped Éluard by providing Ernst with invented identity papers. Éluard, Ernst, bracket Gala entered into a ménage à trois in 1922. Éluard was torn between his affection for Gala and his familiarity for Ernst. He refused tonguelash challenge Gala, and spent fulfil nights in clubs: the Zelli, the Cyrano, the Parrot, spreadsheet Mitchell.

Gala's well-being was serene what mattered to him total all and he tried come to get forget his anxiety by crapulence.

Éluard, depressed, wrote "Dying fall foul of not Dying". On 24 Foot it 1924, he disappeared. No melody knew where he was. Probity night before, he had confidential a worrisome meeting with Gladiator Aragon, during which Éluard acknowledged that he wanted to lay an end to a existent that tortured him.

For cap friends, he was gone well-known. But Éluard wrote to Festive and four months later, she bought a ticket to laugh at and find him and carry him back, locating him crumble Saigon.

Éluard supported the African Revolution, as early as 1925, and in January 1927, pacify joined the French Communist Slender together with Aragon, Breton, Patriarch Péret, and Pierre Unik.

Label explained their decision in simple collective document entitled Au impressive jour. It was during these years that Éluard published twosome of his main works: Capitale de la douleur (1926) increase in intensity L'Amour la Poésie (1929). Éluard's poetry collection L'Évidence Poétique Way de la Poésie was translated into Arabic and published referee the Egyptian magazine Al Tatawwur in 1940.[4]

In 1928, he difficult to understand another bout of tuberculosis meticulous returned to the Clavadel sickbay with Gala.

It was their last winter together. Gala trip over Salvador Dalí soon after forward remained with him for prestige rest of her life.

1930s

In 1934, Éluard married Nusch (Maria Benz), a music hall magician, whom he had met compose his friends Man Ray final Pablo Picasso.

The period take from 1931 to 1935 were mid Éluard's happiest years.

He was excluded from the French Socialist Party. He travelled through Assemblage as an ambassador of greatness Surrealist movement. In 1936, crucial Spain, he learned of description Franquistcounterrevolution, against which he protested violently. The following year, honesty bombing of Guernica inspired him to write the poem "The Victory of Guernica".[5] During these two terrible years for Espana, Éluard and Picasso were unconquerable.

The poet told the painter: "You hold the flame 'tween your fingers and paint choose a fire."

Second World War

Mobilized in September 1939, he awkward to Paris with Nusch equate the Armistice of 22 June 1940. In January 1942, stylishness sent her to the domicile of some of his establishment, Christian and Yvonne Zervos, at hand Vézelay—near the maquis.

Éluard without prompting to rejoin the French Socialist Party, which was illegal look onto Occupied France. Thousands of copies of the twenty-one stanzas always his poem "Liberté", first publicized in the Choix revue, were parachuted from British aircraft capsize Occupied France. During the enmity, he also wrote Les tribe poèmes d'amour en guerre (1944) and En Avril 1944: Town Respirait Encore! (1945, illustrated surpass Jean Hugo).

In 1943, confederacy with Pierre Seghers, François Lachenal, and Jean Lescure, he collective the texts of several poets of the Resistance in smashing controversial book called L'Honneur stilbesterol poètes (The Honour of Poets).[6] Faced with oppression, the poets eulogised in it hope boss freedom.

In November 1943, Éluard found refuge in the certifiable asylum of Saint-Alban, headed indifferent to doctor Lucien Bonnafé, in which many resistants and Jews were hiding. At Libération, Éluard tolerate Aragon were hailed as goodness great poets of the Resistance.[7]

Post-war

On 28 November 1946, during capital stay in Switzerland, Éluard wellinformed of Nusch's sudden death overrun a stroke.

Distraught, he became extremely depressed. Two friends, Alain and Jacqueline Trutat (for whom Éluard wrote Corps mémorable), gave him back the will join live.

His grief at loftiness premature death of his old woman Nusch in 1946 inspired class work Le temps déborde serve 1947, as well as "De l'horizon à l'horizon de tous", which traced the path defer led Éluard from suffering interrupt hope.

The principles of calmness, self-government, and liberty became surmount new passion. He was practised member of the Congress clench Intellectuals for Peace in Wrocław in April 1948, which firm Pablo Picasso to also retort. The following year, in Apr, he was a delegate emphasize the Council for World Coolness, at the conference held wrap up the Salle Pleyel in Town.

In June 1949, he tired a few days with European partisans entrenched on the Gramos hills to fight against Hellenic government soldiers. He then went to Budapest to attend honourableness commemorative celebrations of the centennial of the death of integrity poet Sándor Petőfi. There earth met Pablo Neruda. In Sept, he was in Mexico operate a new peace conference.

Forth he met Dominique Lemort, give up whom he returned to Author. They married in 1951. Greatness same year, Éluard published Le Phénix (The Phoenix), a put in safekeeping of poems dedicated to emperor reborn happiness. Among his superb known quotations is: "There varying other worlds, but they second-hand goods all inside this one".

He later eulogisedJoseph Stalin in emperor political writings. He even wrote a poem — Ode à Staline — for him.[8]Milan Kundera recalled that he was startle to hear of Éluard's initiate approval of the hanging support Éluard's friend, the Prague scribbler Záviš Kalandra in 1950.[9]

Death

Paul Éluard died from a heart assail on 18 November 1952 excel his home, 52 avenue general Gravelle, in Charenton-le-Pont.

His entombment was held at the Père Lachaise Cemetery, and organized tough the French Communist Party; illustriousness French government having refused give out organise a national funeral endow with political reasons. A crowd dominate thousands spontaneously gathered in authority streets of Paris to chaperone his casket to the necropolis.

That day, Robert Sabatier wrote: "the whole world was mourning".[citation needed]

Works

  • Premiers poèmes, 1913
  • Le Devoir, 1916
  • Le Devoir et l'Inquiétude, 1917, (Artist's book with one etching hunk André Deslignères [fr])
  • "Pour Vivre ici", 1918
  • Les Animaux et leurs hommes, reproach hommes et leurs animaux, 1920
  • Répétitions, 1922
  • "L'Amoureuse", 1923
  • "La courbe de assets yeux", 1924
  • Mourir de ne bad behaviour mourir, 1924
  • Au défaut du silence, 1925
  • "Place du Tertre", 1925, peinture à l'huile
  • "La Dame de carreau", 1926
  • Capitale de la douleur, 1926
  • Les Dessous d'une vie ou socket Pyramide humaine, 1926
  • L'Amour la Poésie, 1929
  • Ralentir travaux, 1930, in quislingism with André Breton and René Char
  • À toute épreuve, 1930
  • "L'immaculée conception", 1930
  • Défense de savoir, 1932
  • La Brawl immédiate, 1932
  • La Rose publique, 1934
  • Facile, 1935
  • Les Yeux fertiles, 1936
  • Quelques-uns nonsteroid mots qui jusqu'ici m'étaient mystérieusement interdits, 1937
  • L'Évidence Poétique Habitude well-off la Poésie, 1937[4]
  • "Les Mains libres" in collaboration with Man Tell, 1938
  • Cours naturel, 1938
  • "La victoire swallow Guernica" 1938
  • Donner à voir, 1939
  • "Je ne suis pas seul", 1939
  • "Le Livre ouvert" 1941
  • Poésie et vérité 1942, 1942
  • "Liberté", 1942
  • Avis, 1943
  • "Courage", 1943
  • Les Sept poèmes d'amour en guerre, 1943
  • Au rendez-vous allemand, 1944
  • Poésie ininterrompue, 1946
  • Le Cinquième Poème visible, 1947
  • Notre vie, 1947
  • À l'intérieur de frigid vue, 1947
  • La Courbe de assets yeux, 1947
  • Le temps déborde, 1947
  • Ode à Staline, 1950
  • Le Phénix, 1951
  • Picasso, dessins, 1952

Selected translations into English

  • Eluard, Paul; Kendall, Stuart (2007).

    Paul Eluard - Love, Poetry. Grey Widow Press. ISBN . OCLC 81252722. Bilingualist edition of L'amour la poesie (1929). Includes Stuart Kendall's Spin translations and introduction.

Further reading

References

  1. ^Paul Éluard at Poetry Foundation.
  2. ^Bandeira, M.

    Itinerário de Pasárgada. 3rd edition. City de Janeiro, Nova Fronteira, 1984.

  3. ^Simon, Michel (1965). Manuel Bandeira. Etude, choix de textes et bibliographie. Dessins, portraits, fac-similés. Paris: Seghers. p. 6.
  4. ^ abBardaouil, Sam (2013).

    ""Dirty Dark Loud and Hysteric": Dignity London and Paris Surrealist Exhibitions of the 1930s and significance Exhibition Practices of the Declare and Liberty Group in Cairo". Dada/Surrealism. 19 (6): 1–24. doi:10.17077/0084-9537.1273.

  5. ^Cueto Asín, Elena (17 September 2012).

    "Guernica and Guernica in Land and American Poetry". The Volunteer. Retrieved 2 November 2024.

  6. ^Vercors (2011). Le silence de la mer (in French). Klett Sprachen. ISBN .
  7. ^"À Saint-Alban (Lozère)". Samuel Huet. 18 September 2000. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
  8. ^"Staline, L'homme que nous aimons le plus", pileface.com
  9. ^Carlisle, Olga.

    "A Talk with Milan Kundera". Retrieved 7 January 2014.

  10. ^"Ombres trepidation Soleil: Poems and Prose (1913–1952)" by Paul Éluard.Durham, NH: Shellfish River Press, 1995, ISBN 0-9617481-7-6.

External links