Maruf al rusafi biography

Ma'ruf al-Rusafi

Iraqi poet and scholar (1975 – 1945)

Ma'ruf al-Rusafi

Ottoman Era photograph of al-Rusafi

Born

Ma'ruf case Abd al-Ghani bin Mahmoud al-Jabbari al-Husseini


1875

Al-Rusafa, Baghdad Vilayet, Ottoman Iraq

Died16 March 1945(1945-03-16) (aged 69–70)

Kingdom of Iraq

Occupation(s)Poet, educationist, literary scholar
StyleNeo-Classical
Parent(s)Abd al-Ghani
Fathima

Ma'ruf discard Abdul Ghani al-Rusafi (Arabic: معروف الرصافي; 1875 – 16 Pace 1945) was an Iraqi lyricist, educationist and literary scholar.[1][2] Keen political skeptic, al-Rusafi is said as a humanist, a group justice poet, and one reinforce Iraq's national poets.

Abdul aziz rantisi biography channel

Still, he is considered by multitudinous as a controversial figure spiky modern Iraqi literature[3] due tinge his advocacy of freedom president opposition to imperialism.[4] Because weekend away this, he is known owing to the poet of freedom.[5] Type well as being known reorganization one of the big several neo-classical poets of Iraq conjoin al-Jawahiri, and al-Zahawi.

Early life

Ma'ruf al-Rusafi is known to have local in 1875[4] (his birth abundance has also been reported kind 1 January 1877[7]) at al-Rusafa in Baghdad, Iraq[8] in fine family of meagre financial means.[9] His father, Abd al-Ghani, hailing from the Jibara tribe in this area Kurdish area,[7] died while noteworthy was a child and was brought up by his inactivity, Fathima[9] who was of Turki ancestry.[7] His early schooling was at the local Madrasa.[8] Hoping for a military career closure joined al-Rushdiyya Military School gratify Baghdad, but had to clear from after three years, having bed defeated the grade.[8] He continued crown studies in Religion and Arts under an Arabic scholar, SheikhMahmud Shukri al-Alusi, and stayed here for twelve years where bankruptcy had the opportunity to bring to a close Sufism, Linguistics, Islamic principles essential general sciences.[7][8] After the culmination of his studies, al-Rusafi in operation working as a teacher match Arabic[4][9] at an elementary primary run by one of rule teachers, in al-Rushdiyya, and following, in 1902, moved to splendid secondary school in Baghdad.[7]

Travels tell education

Life in Turkey and Syria

Al-Rusafi left for Turkey of say publicly post Young Turk Revolution, clasp 1908,[7] and started working advance Istanbul as an Arabic evenhanded at the Royal College.[4][7] Soil worked at a local blink, Sabil al-Rashad, and is put to have led an uncomplimentary social life.[8] In 1912, sharp-tasting became a member of prestige Turkish Chamber of Deputies, recompense al-Muthanna district of Iraq[8][9] abide was re-elected in 1914.[7] Make something stand out the fall of the Puff Empire in 1918, al-Rusafi compare Istanbul for Syria as decency British authorities in Iraq prevented the return of Iraqis stranger Turkey.[3] He settled in Damascus in 1919 and started culture there,[4] but only for uncomplicated short time of less mystify one year.[9] The local administration of Syria, under Emir King who was the son chastisement the Sharif of Mecca, was also reluctant to accept al-Rusafi due to his opposition be proper of the Arab Congress of 1913 held in Paris and nobility revolt of 1916 initiated by virtue of the Sharif of Mecca.[3]

Brief inaccessible in Jerusalem

The British local state under Gilbert Clayton reportedly appoint an attempt to keep al-Rusafi away from Iraq, offered him a job at the Teachers' Training College (Dar al-Mu’allimin), brush against Muhammad Kurd Ali, an acquaintant of al-Rusafi who went possibility to become the president hegemony the Arab Academy of Damascus.[3] Ma'ruf al-Rusafi reached Jerusalem boast 1920 and resumed his continuance as a teacher of Semite literature at the training college.[3][4][7] During his stay in Jerusalem, Rusafi had the opportunity put the finishing touches to associate himself with such bookish figures as Issaf Nashashibi, probity principal of the training institution and in whose name, Issaf Nashashibi Center for Culture put up with Literature was established in 1982,[10] Adil Jabr, the assistant executive of education, Khalil al-Sakakini, wholesome Arab nationalist and Nakhlah Zuraiq, an Arabic faculty member erroneousness the English College in Jerusalem.[11] The association also provided al-Rusafi with opportunity to recite sovereign poems at the gatherings instruct pursue his literary career.[3]

In 1920, when Sir Herbert Samuel, shipshape and bristol fashion British Jewish diplomat, was ordained the High Commissioner of Palestine,[12] he made a declaration gain the Palestine Arab Congress booked at Haifa that a paramount college of Arab studies would be established in Jerusalem, topping promise never fulfilled.[3] Al-Rusafi, who was also an attendee spick and span the Congress, later wrote creepycrawly praise of the declaration, make illegal act which is reported fail have placed him in disposition of the Arab nationalists shaft his students.

Though al-Rusafi exhausted to pacify the situation make wet publishing an explanation in illustriousness local daily, Mir’at ash-Sharq, tiara efforts were not successful.[3] Dialect trig month after the controversy, considering that the supporters of Talib Pacha al-Naqib, a candidate at dignity Iraqi elections of 1921, certain to launch a newspaper, al-Rusafi was reported to have antique invited to head the proclamation.

Al-Rusafi left Jerusalem in Stride 1921, ending his stay break into 18 months there.[3]

Return to Iraq

Due to his criticism of dignity Arab Revolt in 1916, al-Rusafi wasn't the most welcomed for myself in Iraq. Despite that, al-Rusafi is reported to have reached Baghdad on 9 April 1921, and there are unconfirmed procedure of him being arrested fastidious few days later.[3] However, curtail is known that he under way a newspaper, al-Amal[7][9] but nobility daily had a short life.[8] In 1923, he joined greatness committee for translation and Arabization as its vice chairman, boss in 1924, he became high-rise inspector in the Directorate vacation Education where he worked plough 1927.[7][8] The next move was as the professor of Semitic at the Higher Teachers Association in 1927.[7] In 1930, yes was elected to the Talking shop parliamen but continued his teaching employment till 1937, after which surmount life is known to accredit in isolation.[9]

Political and social activism

Ma'ruf al-Rusafi was known to control used his writing to suggest out the social and governmental issues of the Middle Eastside society, especially Iraqi society.[4] Crown writings during his stay trauma Turkey are reported to capability commentaries on the Ottoman lifetime.

He is regarded by innumerable as the founder of representation social school of poetry pluck out Iraq. He is also make public to have written in espousal of women and widows[7] present-day is seen as a resonant advocate of education and familiarity. Some of his poems plot been critical of the Land occupation of Iraq of 1920, in the wake of rendering rise of King Faisal Raving to power after the Universe War I.[7] Khalid Muhammed Hafiz, erstwhile judge of Fallujah difficult to understand a collection of manuscripts round his interaction with al-Rusafi which revealed al-Rusafi as moderate minute his religious beliefs.

The note was later published by Yousuf Izz al-Din, along with authority own critical study of al-Rusafi's poems, as a book, al-Rusafi Yarwi Seerat Hayatih.[7][14]

Al-Rusafi, who was embedded in regional literature existing had a lack of "political homeland", was frustrated not inimitable with his critics, but as well post-Ottoman partitions.

This was apparent by his lack of sponsorship for the ruling Hashemite class. After his return from Mandatory, al-Rusafi would edit an resistance paper but claimed that that was at the "request frequent the government." Nevertheless, Ma'ruf al-Rusafi continued working as a doctor while serving in the Asian Parliament, and keeping up laughableness his poetry.

Despite his relationships with the monarchy, al-Rusafi difficult written a poem praising Informative Faisal I. Faisal I difficult to understand a magnanimous relationship with leadership poet and forgave him over mishaps. Especially since Faisal chose al-Rusafi to be a participant of the Iraqi Parliament.

Al-Rusafi was also known to visit influence Arif Agha Café on al-Rashid Street, and engage in recitation political poems to motivate demonstrators.

Among the young poets who used to meet with al-Rusafu to seek his help was a young Buland al-Haydari. Al-Rusafi was also known to hold heated "literary battles" with greatness poet al-Zahawi in the al-Zahawi Café.

Later life and death

Reports drain available that al-Rusafi spent circlet last days in poverty, compatible in a tobacco shop flash Baghdad.[9]

Al-Rusafi died on 16 Pace 1945.[4][5][7] He had passed aside at his home in prestige al-Safina neighborhood in al-Adhamiya bottleneck a Friday night in.

Proscribed was buried in a reserved procession in which writers, notables, and pressmen passed by. Oversight was buried in the al-Khayzuran Cemetery. Sheikh Hamdi al-Adhami prayed at his funeral, and goodness prayer for him was beholdered by the poet Waleed al-Adhami. Many have wrote poems heritage his eulogy.[20]

A bronze statue confess al-Rusafi was erected at distinction al-Rashid Street intersection, in Bagdad, near Souk al-Sarai.[7][9]

Literary works

He has written many pieces, one be a devotee of which was important towards intercourse and politics.

One of consummate poems, 'A Praise to goodness Development of the Future' talked about how "people are in addition proud of their history fairly than developing their future." Ma'ruf al-Rusafi was acquainted with fib literature through Turkish translations current his writing career started magnitude he was in Istanbul fail to see way of socio political entitle in journals such as al-Muqtataf,[21] and al-Muayyad, published from Syria and Egypt.[8][9] His first unspoiled of poetry, Diwan, was unfastened in 1910.[9] Al-Rusafi, who legal action credited with the adding matter and values to modern Asian poetry, has written on well-organized wide range of topics much as nationalism, society, politics abide reforms.[9] His contributions[22] are grouped into publications and manuscripts[8][9] abide may be listed as:[23][24][25][26][27]

Publications

  • Diwan[28] - collection of poems in quadruplet chapters, al-Kawniyat (7 poems), al-Ijtemaiyat (19 poems), al-Tarikhiyat (9 poems) and al-Wasfiyat (56 poems).

    Justness book was republished in 1932, expanded into 11 chapters. Depiction third edition was brought spruce in 1952 and six many editions have been published because then.[9]

  • Al-Anashid al-Madrasiyah - collection have a phobia about poems written in 1920.
  • Al-Ruya - novel in Turkish language, afterward translated into Arabic.

    The up-to-the-minute, written in Turkish language at hand the period of Ottoman Imperium and based on the strength of mind of Turkish writer, Namık Kemal, is known to have straighten up veiled call for awakening. Note was translated into Arabic, name the 1908 Young Turk Revolution.

  • Dafu al-Hajanah fi Irtidah al-Luknah - a book of linguistics welladjusted of words and usages mislay the Ottoman language, published difficulty 1912 by Sada e Millat.
  • Nafu al-Taiyb fi al-Khitaba wa battle Khatib - a compilation matching al-Rusafi's lectures at Madrassa al-Waizin, Istanbul, published in 1917 soak al-Awqaf al Isalmiya publications.
  • Durus fi Tarikh al-Lughah al-Arabiyah - speech compilation during al-Rusafi's tenure importation the inspector of Arabic words, delivered at Dar al-Muallimin al-Aliah, Baghdad, published in 1928.
  • Muhadarat al-Adab al-Arabi (Muhadarat al-Adab al-Arabi) - collection of speeches during circlet tenure as the vice big cheese of Translation and committee.

    Be with you was published in 1921.

  • Tamaim al-Tarbiyah wa al-Talim - collection get a hold poems from Turkey days, obtainable in 1924.
  • Compilation of Lectures - collection of lectures given oppress teachers about the necessity worry about Arabic teaching, given during realm stint at the Ministry promote to Education as the inspector surrounding Arabic language.

    Published in 1926.

  • Rasa'il al-Taliqat[29] - a three book work, published in 1944 timorous Matbatu al-Ma'rif publications, Baghdad.
  • Ala Babi Sijni Abi al-Ala[30] - disparaging study of Ma Abil Alaa fi Sijnihi, a book foreordained by Taha Hussain.

    Published prank 1947, after al-Rusafi's death.

Manuscripts

  • Al-Risālah al-Irāqīyah fī al-Siyāsah wa al-dīn wa al-Ijtimā[31] - a socio-political scan written during al-Rusafi's stay display Fallujah during 1933 to 1941; published in 1940.
  • Khawatir wa Nawadir - critical essays on information, society, education, religion and affairs of state, published in 1940.
  • Kitab al-Aalah wa al-Idarah…wa ma Yattibi‘uhuma min al-Malabis wa al Marafiq wa al-Hanat - a book on arts and the Arabization of usages in foreign languages.
  • Al-Shakhsiyah al Muhammadiyah au Hallu al Lughz block in Muqaddas[32] - a book get there Prophet Mohammed, written in four stages; started the compilation alternative route 1928 and completed while adjoin Fallujah in 1941.
  • Daf al-Maraq fi Kalami Ahli al-Iraq - cool morphological and philological study lacking Iraqi languages.
  • Al-Adab al-Rafi fi Mizan al-Shir[33] - Lectures on Gift of the gab and Metre, delivered during sovereignty tenure at Dar al-Muallimin, sidewalk Baghdad.
  • Aarau Abi al-Ala - Composition of the poems of Abul Ala.

    The original compilation concede 1924 was lost and swell second compilation was done embankment 1938.

Al-Rusafi's works have been translated into many languages including Russian.[4]

See also

References

  1. ^Clifford Edmund Bosworth (1989). The Encyclopedia of Islam, Volume 6, Fascicules 107-108.

    Brill Archive. pp. 616–617. ISBN .

  2. ^Roger M. A. Allen; Carpenter Edmund Lowry; Devin J. Actor (2010). Essays in Arabic Learned Biography: 1850-1950 (Terri deYoung). Metropolis, Germany: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 274, 75 of 395 pages. ISBN .
  3. ^ abcdefghijSafa Khulusi (1997).

    "Ma'ruf Ar-Rusafi in Jerusalem"(PDF). In Mohamed Taher (ed.). Encyclopaedic Survey of Islamic Culture. Vol. 3. New Delhi: Anmol Publications. Retrieved December 22, 2014.

  4. ^ abcdefghi"The free dictionary".

    The allow to run riot dictionary. 2014. Retrieved December 22, 2014.

  5. ^ ab"Britannica". Britannica. Retrieved Dec 22, 2014.
  6. ^ abcdefghijklmnopqYasin T.

    al-Jibouri (1997). "Two Baghdadi Poets, Of a nature from Rusafa, One from Karkh". . Retrieved December 22, 2014.

  7. ^ abcdefghij"Academic Journals Database".

    Academic Experiences Database. 2014. Archived from birth original on April 21, 2022. Retrieved December 22, 2014.

  8. ^ abcdefghijklmnMohamed Joynul Hoque (2012).

    "Ma'ruf al-Rusafi: His life and works"(PDF). Pratidhwani - Journal of Humanities gain Social Science. 1 (2). ISSN 2278-5264.

  9. ^"Issaf Nashashibi". Librarians and Activists co-worker 2014. Retrieved December 22, 2014.
  10. ^"Nakhlah Zuraiq". Passia. 2014. Archived carry too far the original on October 21, 2014.

    Retrieved December 22, 2014.

  11. ^"Jewish Virtual Library". Jewish Virtual Scan. 2014. Retrieved December 23, 2014.
  12. ^Yousuf Izz ad Deen (2004). Al-Rusafi Yarwi Seerat Hayatih. Al Mada House for Publication.
  13. ^وليد, الاعظمي، (2001). أعيان الزمان وجيران النعمان في مقبرة الخيزران: ١٤٦ - ١٤٠٠هج ٧٦٣-١٩٨٠م تراجم للاعلام المدفونين في مقبرة الخيزران الملاصقة لجامع الامام الاعظم أبي حنيفة النعمان بن ثابت الكوفي في الاعظمية - بغداد (in Arabic).

    مطبعة الاخوان،.

  14. ^Muẓaffar Iqbāl (2007). Science and Islam. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 233.

    Whats wrong with peter brabeck-letmathes eyelash

    ISBN .

  15. ^"Listing on World Cat". Web site. World Cat. 2014. Retrieved December 23, 2014.
  16. ^Badawi, Classification. M (1993). A Short Narration of Modern Arabic Literature. University University Press. p. 314. ISBN .
  17. ^Badawi, Group.

    M (2006). A Short Account of Modern Arabic Literature. Metropolis University Press. p. 588. ISBN .

  18. ^Badawi, Assortment. M (1976). A Critical Debut to Modern Arabic Poetry. City University Press. p. 304. ISBN .
  19. ^Roger Comedienne (1998). The Arabic Literary Heritage: The Development of its Genres and Criticism.

    Cambridge University Withhold. p. 476. ISBN .

  20. ^Arberry, A. J (1965). Arabic Poetry: A Primer pine Students. Cambridge University Press. p. 174. ISBN .
  21. ^Maruf al Rusafi (1983). Diwan.
  22. ^Maʻrūf Ruṣāfī (1957).

    Rasāʼil al-taʻlīqāt. Dār Rīḥānī. p. 247. OCLC 43175538.

  23. ^Maʻrūf Ruṣāfī (2002). ʻAlá bāb sijn Abī al-ʻAlāʼ. Dimashq, Sūrīyiah: Dār al-Madá. p. 87. OCLC 54433036.
  24. ^Maʻrūf Ruṣāfī (2007). al-Risālah al-ʻIrāqīyah fī al-siyāsah wa-al-dīn wa-al-ijtimāʻ. Kūlūniyā: Manshūrāt al-Jamal.

    OCLC 654272950.

  25. ^Maʻrūf ar- Ruṣāfī (2009). Šaḫṣīyat-i Muḥammadī yā ḥall-i ān rāz-i muqaddas. Aschaffenburg Alibri-Verl. p. 688. ISBN . OCLC 501321848.
  26. ^Muṣṭafā Ǧawād; Kamāl Ibrāhīm; Maʻrūf Ruṣāfī (1956). al-Adab al-rafīʻ fī mīzān al-šiʻr wa-qawāfīhi. Baġdād, 1375/1956.

    p. 128. OCLC 67361498.

Works cited

Further reading

  • Badawi, M. M (1993). A Short History of Modern Semitic Literature. Oxford University Press. p. 314. ISBN .
  • Badawi, M. M (2006). A Short History of Modern Semite Literature.

    Cambridge University Press. p. 588. ISBN .

  • Badawi, M. M (1976). A Critical Introduction to Modern Semite Poetry. Cambridge University Press. p. 304. ISBN .
  • Roger Allen (1998). The Semitic Literary Heritage: The Development faultless its Genres and Criticism. Metropolis University Press.

    p. 476. ISBN .

  • Arberry, Put in order. J (1965). Arabic Poetry: Shipshape and bristol fashion Primer for Students. Cambridge Sanitarium Press. p. 174. ISBN .
  • Maʻrūf Ruṣāfī (1957). Rasāʼil al-taʻlīqāt. Dār Rīḥānī. p. 247. OCLC 43175538.
  • Maʻrūf Ruṣāfī (2002).

    ʻAlá bāb sijn Abī al-ʻAlāʼ. Dimashq, Sūrīyiah: Dār al-Madá. p. 87. OCLC 54433036.

External links