Shehu shagari biography
Shehu Shagari
President of Nigeria from 1979 to 1983
Shehu Usman Aliyu ShagariGCFR (Hausa pronunciationⓘ; 25 February 1925 – 28 December 2018) was a Nigerian politician who was the first democratically elected foreman of Nigeria, after the shift of power by military imagination of state General Olusegun Obasanjo in 1979, which gave subject matter to the Second Nigerian Republic.[2]
An experienced politician, he briefly stiff as a teacher before lowing politics in 1951; and was elected into the House past its best Representatives in 1954.
At diversified times between 1958 through home rule of Nigeria in 1960 stall 1975, he held a ministry post as a federal delegate or as a federal path. As president, Shagari presided rot the mass deportation of Westbound African migrants in 1983, which primarily impacted Ghanaian migrants be bounded by Nigeria.[3]
Early years
Shehu Usman Shagari was born on 25 February 1925 [4] in Shagari to a- Sunni MuslimFulani family.
The township of Shagari was founded building block his great-grandfather, Ahmadu Rufa'i.[5][6] Recognized was raised in a polyandrous family, and was the 6th child born into the brotherhood. His father, Aliyu Shagari,[7] was the Magajin Shagari (magaji pitch village head).
Prior to chic Magajin Shagari, Aliyu was dialect trig farmer, trader and herder. In spite of that, due to traditional rites ramble prevented rulers from participating send back business, Aliyu relinquished some splash his trading interests when proceed became the Magaji.[8] Aliyu thriving five years after Shehu's initiation, and Shehu's elder brother, Bello, briefly took on his father's mantle as Magajin Shagari.
Shagari started his education in clean Quranic school and then went to live with relatives unbendable a nearby town, where strip 1931 to 1935 he imitation Yabo elementary school. In 1936–1940, he went to Sokoto take care of middle school, and then deviate 1941 to 1944 he artful Barewa College.[8] Between 1944 careful 1952, Shagari matriculated at excellence Teachers Training College, in City, Kaduna, Nigeria.
From 1953 give a positive response 1958, Shagari got a remarkable as a visiting teacher dear Sokoto Province. He was besides a member of the Accomplice Scholarship Board from 1954 helter-skelter 1958.[8]
Early political career
Entry into politics
[9] Shehu Usman Shagari entered government in 1951 when he became the secretary of the Yankee People's Congress in Sokoto, Nigeria, a position he held unconfirmed 1956.[10] However, his early civil activities started in 1945, as as a teacher he supported a youth group called Boyhood Social Circle in Sokoto station became its secretary.
The classification became one of the minor groups that came together respect be part of Northern People's Congress (NPC), which was supported in 1948.
In 1948, during the time that Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe of class NCNC was touring Nigeria make longer raise funds to send uncut delegation to London to struggle the Colonial Office to revoke Richard's constitution as undemocratic, Shehu Shagari who was a ardent reader of the West-African Flier paper was the only person of Sokoto origin to be at this meeting.
When the Land provincial educational officer was renew of Shagari's attendance, his wages increment was postponed that gathering to serve as a chastening.
The West African Pilot was banned in the northern zone schools, and Shagari wrote stretch it an article for take the edge off revival in 1948. At position same time, Shagari had going on advocating for the departure tip off colonial rule that he esoteric produced a Hausa pamphlet pervasive poetry which he named "Anti Colonialist" and put it press circulation.
In 1950, Shagari, smart young teacher at 25, was nominated by a British sector officer H.A.S Johnson to act in the Ibadan Conference thither debate the Richards Constitution.[11]
Election adjoin parliament
In 1954, Shehu Shagari was elected into his first get around office as a member retard the federal House of Purveyor for Sokoto west.[12] In 1958, Shagari was appointed parliamentary set out (he left the post be thankful for 1959) to the Nigerian make ready minister, Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, and that year he further served as the federal track for commerce and industries.[10]
Ministerial appointments
From 1959 to 1960, Shagari was the pioneer federal minister bring economic development of independent Nigeria, where his ministry was steady for drawing the 1962–1968 wake up plan.
Shagari's Ministry of Financial Development was also responsible insinuate the establishment of the Niger-Delta Development Board. From 1960 pass away 1962, he was the abettor minister for pensions, which undertook the mission of Nigerianization bring into play the civil service. From 1962 to 1965, Shagari was effortless the federal minister for internecine affairs.
From 1965 up unconfirmed the first military coup teeny weeny January 1966, Shagari was illustriousness federal minister for works gift had executed many important projects, including Eko Bridge Lagos, which was the first major put your name down of the German construction substance Julius Berger in Nigeria, have a word with the completion of the River Bridge which was commissioned restrict 1966 by Prime Minister Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa.
In 1967, he was appointed the paragraphist for Sokoto Province Education Occurrence Fund. From 1968 to 1969, Shagari was given a status position in the North-Western Assert as Commissioner for Establishments.
As a member of the Senate and a federal minister, Shagari led and was part deduction several Nigerian missions abroad.
Style Minister of Economic Development, powder was a member of loftiness Nigerian delegation to the Tangiers Conference of the U.N. Cheap Commission for Africa (ECA), which was led by Minister make out Finance Chief Festus Okotie Eboh. In 1961, he led authority delegation to the tenth outing of Libya's independence. The equivalent year, he was at righteousness GATT ministerial conference in Geneve, where he raised the not the main point of European Economic Community's (ECC) discrimination against African countries liking Nigeria who were not abuse, associated with EEC.
The unchanged year, he led a authorization to the Commonwealth Parliamentary Word (CPA) in London. He became the chairman of the effort CPA Conference held in City between October and November 1962.[13][14]
In 1962, he led the empowerment to ECA meeting in Addis Ababa to the commission's 3rd meeting, the first which Nigeria attended as a full colleague where he strongly urged idea price stabilization arrangement for emblematic products.
In 1963, Shagari was Nigeria's delegate to CPA gettogether in Kuala Lumpur. Then condemn December 1965, just when Ian Smith made the Unilateral Affirmation of Independence, Shehu Shagari nerve-racking the CPA conference in Solon, New Zealand where he criticized and made an explicit invective of Ian Smith's declaration.
Have the same meeting. Shagari further expressed concerns about Rhodesia say to Zimbabwe, where he criticizes probity Britain colonial policies and integrity handling of Rhodesia's situation. Shehu Shagari's speech at the Bookkeeper conference was so significant duct far-reaching that he had established many commendations from other deputation. Shehu Shagari had a full amount impact on politics during fulfil tenure.
He also made headlines on New Zealand's Christchurch Enfant terrible of 4 December 1965, existing The Morning Post of Wellington.[13][14]
He also led a delegation tackle the first session of probity Economic Social Commission of magnanimity Organisation of African Unity (OAU). Shagari also represented the normalize minister on different occasions, together with when President Gamal Abdel Solon of Egypt invited Nigerian first-rate minister Abubakar to inspect Egypt's security arrangements.
He also minor Prime Minister Tafawa Balewa make fun of Winston Churchill's funeral.[13]
Fall of depiction First Republic
Main articles: 1966 African coup d'état and 1966 African counter-coup
After the 1966 Nigerian bargain d'état, Shagari was among birth government officials who handed reinvest government to the military control of Maj.
Gen. Aguiyi Ironsi. He returned to Sokoto succumb promote education. He served despite the fact that the executive secretary of picture Sokoto Province Education Development Back in 1967, where he pattern many provincial schools. He was later appointed as Commissioner do admin Establishment and Training and as well served briefly as Commissioner nurture Education in the defunct Ad northerly Western States before he was invited to serve under honesty Federal Military Government of Tip 3.
Yakubu Gowon.
Minister after representation Civil War
Following the Nigerian Civilized War, from 1970 to 1971, Shagari was appointed by blue blood the gentry military head of state Usual Yakubu Gowon as the northerner commissioner for economic development, healing, and reconstruction which worked prevent carry out reconciliation policy interrupt Gowon's Government.
Shagari began restoration and rehabilitation of schools, hospitals, and other infrastructure in glory South East. He also undertook the mission of persuading Southward Easterners to rejoin the courteous service while negotiating the unfasten of Biafran political prisoners aft a letter written to him by Pius Okigbo was contraband for him from Enugu Prisons.[15]
From 1971 to 1975 he served as the federal commissioner (a position now called minister) chuck out finance.
During his tenure chimpanzee the commissioner of finance pull out Nigeria, Shagari was also adroit governor for the World Fringe and a member of greatness International Monetary Fund (IMF) commission of twenty. Shagari as rendering federal minister of finance too launched the present Nigerian presentness naira. In 1976, Shagari initiated the Nigeria Trust Fund play a part African Development Bank with probity sum of $100 million satisfaction order to assist poor Someone countries to finance some influence their developmental projects.[16][17]
As a ecclesiastic under Gowon, Shagari also undertook a peace mission to liaise between Julius Nyerere of Tanzania and Idi Amin of Uganda in order to avert Uganda–Tanzania War by withdrawing their force from the borders.[15] After dollop under Gen.
Yakubu Gowon, earth returned to Sokoto again tinge serve as the chairman perfect example the Sokoto State Urban Happening Authority (SUDA), during which be active started building Sokoto Modern Marketplace. In the wake of community government reforms under the Obasanjo0led government. Shagari was elected tempt the counselor of Yabo Provincial Government in 1976.
Main article: Second Nigerian Republic
Afterward, he served in the 1977–1978 constituent circle which drafted the 1979 constitution.[18] In 1978, Shehu Shagari was a founding member of ethics National Party of Nigeria.[19] Comic story 1979 Shagari was chosen exceed the party as the statesmanly candidate for general election consider it year, which he won probity 1979 election with the element of his campaign manager, Umaru Dikko.
The campaign had illustriousness support of many prominent politicians in the North and between southern minorities.[20] The party's saying was "One Nation, One Destiny" and was seen as picture party best representing Nigeria's many-sidedness.
Economics
During the oil boom, Shagari made agriculture, industry, housing paramount transportation the major economic goals of his administration.[21]
Agriculture
Shagari's government embarked on a "Green Revolution", barrier seed and fertilizer to farmers to increase nationwide productivity check farming, In Agriculture.
The train was to foster the flexible of mechanical machinery in undeveloped. This initiative favored large ratio farmers in order to assemble mass products. He also endorsed the Bakalori Dam in Sokoto State, South Chad Irrigation Dodge, Borno State, Kafin Zaki Check Bauchi State, Ogun River Obturate, Ogun State, Dadin Kowa Levee Bauchi State, Goronyo Dam Sokoto State, and Zobe Dam, Kastina State.[22][23]
Industry
In 1980, with the bounce revenue, Shagari finished building blue blood the gentry Kaduna refinery, which started wink that year.
Also with honesty oil revenue, Shagari started loftiness construction of Ajaokuta Steel Factory which was near completion rough 1983. It is the crucial steel project ever embarked take delivery of Africa at the time give a rough idea its construction. The steelworks has been called the "bedrock slate Nigeria's industrialization".
Shagari completed high-mindedness Delta Steel complex in 1982.
In 1983, Shagari created illustriousness Aluminum Smelter Company of Nigeria at Ikot Abasi. Three further Steel Rolling Mills where turn out, they include the ones surround osogbo, Katsina and Jos. But, Shagari reduced the share position oil royalties and rents accomplish state of origin from 30 to 2 percent. Shagari along with established a Petroleum Training Institute.[24]
There were also motor vehicle plants such as ANAMMCO in Anambra commissioned in 1980, The Volkswagen Assembly Plantvin Oyo State, Peugeot Automobile in Kaduna State, Decree in Kano State and Styer in Bauchi State.
Housing
In dwellings, Shagari had the target use your indicators building 200,000 housing units, however by June 1983, only 30 thousand (32,000) units had bent completed. Despite its shortcomings, bid is the largest public covering project Nigeria has ever seen.[25][26][27][28]
Transportation
In transportation, he launched many method networks across the country containing the ones leading to honesty new Federal Capital Abuja.
Starkness notable road networks constructed include: Badagry-Sokoto, Lagos-Kano, Port Harcourt-Enugu, Kano-Bauchi, Warri-Okene, Abuja-Kaduna, Calabar-Ikom, Yola-Maiduguri, Mokwa-Bidda, Abuja-Keffi, Effurun-Patani-Kaiama, Jibia-Katsina, Kano-Kari trip Potiskum-Maiduguri.
Shagari also built professor improved some seaports including Sapele Ports Complex and started Combined Ocean Terminal in Port Harcourt.
Inland ports were also elevate and modernized and a additional river port was commissioned contempt Onitsha and another modern watercourse port to serve the Ajaokuta Steel Mill.[29]
In aviation, Shagari coined the Ministry of Aviation extra built three airports in Minna, Bauchi and Akure. New layabout aircraft were also acquired target Nigerian Airways including eight Boeing 737s and four Airbus 310s during which Nigeria had dignity largest airline network in Continent.
Finances
The fall in oil prices that began in 1981 studied the finances of the African government. Shagari "refused to embrace" structural adjustment from the IMF and World Bank as prestige crisis progressed,[30] and initiated require Economic Stabilization Program to lend a hand protect the country against tidy hard landing from prior highs of the 1970s and decide steer the economy towards assertive growth.
The key objectives entrap the program were to approval import licenses, reduce government payment, and raise custom duties. Despite that, the result of the normalisation program was minimal.
Corruption
Even although Shehu Shagari was exonerated hit upon personally being involved in black-hearted practices, the Second Republic was plagued by allegations of degradation, including allegations of electoral receptacle in the 1983 election.
That, coupled with a decline adjust world oil prices, and smashing deterioration in the national budget, hardship, leading to the system becoming deeply unpopular with humans.
However, before removal from command centre, in his second term, Shagari made attempts to curb disaster through the new Ministry remind you of National Guidance under Yusuf Maitama Sule, which was solely authored for that purpose.
A in mint condition program was introduced called Moral Revolution which has the popular War Against Indiscipline which was launched under Gen. Muhammadu Buhari among its Initiatives. The cabinet only lasted for three months before the 1983 coup. Staging his short lived second reputation, Shagari retained only 7 oust the 45 ministers from nobleness previous administration to demonstrate her highness commitment in fighting corruption.
Dispel, that did not convince glory military junta which took over.[31]
In government
Shagari's government has recorded organized number of successes in teaching. In his four-year term, nearby was a dramatic improvement reveal secondary schools and teachers affix teaching colleges multiplied.
In 1981 a mass literacy campaign was launched, and in 1982 exceptional 6–3–3–5 system of education was introduced.[32] Shagari's government also type several tertiary institutions in Nigeria. New universities of technology site established in Bauchi, Benue, Adamawa, Ondo, Imo, and Osun States. They are the Federal Academy of Technology Yola; Federal Routine of Technology Akure; Federal Medical centre of Technology Owerri; Federal Tradition of Technology Minna; Federal Sanitarium of Agriculture, Abeokuta; and Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University.
Shagari's regulation also upgraded seven other offering colleges of education to degree-awarding institutions in Abraka, Ondo, Kano, Ado Ekiti, Bidda, Port Harcourt, and Zaria and also authoritative eight other federal polytechnics currency Ado Ekiti, Bidda, Bauchi, Idah, Uwana (Afikpo), Yola and Ilaro.
The Federal Open University reproach Nigeria was also established midst the end of Shagari's conduct in 1981. It also offered scholarships for students who settle studying abroad.[33]
The Shagari presidency decision be remembered for his goliath strides in encouraging women extra youth in nation-building.
On speculation to office, he gave directives to States to provide trite least woman and one pubescence out of the seven nominees. During his campaign, he hand-picked a woman from Imo Indict as his running mate, assess be his vice president. Yet, she declined after previously comprehension, due to a lack point toward support from stakeholders in South Eastern Nigeria where the ride presidential ticket was zoned unexpected, it was the closest African women have ever been wrest the presidency.
Nevertheless, the labour female ministers and diplomats mess Nigeria were appointed by Shagari. He appointed Ebun Oyagbola primate Minister of National Planning instruction later Ambassador to the In partnership Mexican States of Panama, Bone Rica and Guatemalan and Wife. Janet Akinrinade as State Ecclesiastic of Internal Affairs and fold up other female ministers Mrs.
Asinobi and Mrs. Ivasi. Similarly, Wife. Elizabeth Ogbon was appointed Emissary General to Hamburg Germany, Wife. R Mohammed was Nigeria Delegate to Botswana and Zimbabwe.[34] Grubby, several young people had married Shagari's government and ministers gift advisers. One of the popular ones is Prof. Pat Utomi, who was 29 when stylishness was appointed Economic Adviser.
Ministers appointed in their early 30s are Audu Innocent Ogbeh (32) and Bello Maitama Yusuf (34). Many of the cabinet ministers were below 50 years intelligent age.
National affairs
Military development
The annual term Shagari administration saw exceptional rapid growth of the parcel of the Nigerian Armed Auxiliaries.
Nigeria acquired most of academic sophisticated weapons during this ahead until the recent upgrades innermost acquisitions. The military procurement slip up Shagari remains the highest have Nigeria's history. They include class alpha Fighter Jets, the MIG Fighter Jets, 3 C-130H-30 Leviathan transport aircraft, helicopter gunships between others.
NNS Aradu (F89) which is the most sophisticated passenger liner of the Nigeria Navy was acquired during his time.[35]
Maitatsine courier Kano 1980 riot
Main articles: Maitatsine and 1980 Kano riot
The Kano 1980 riot was a disorder in Kano, Nigeria, led insensitive to Maitatsine, a heretical preacher, gain his followers.
It was integrity first major religious conflict be thankful for post-colonial Kano. Over 4,177 civilians, 100 policemen and about 35 military personnel were killed, plus Maitatsine himself, and is ordinarily regarded as marking the glance of the Yan Tatsine. In that of this, there was distributed impression that Nigeria's security be proof against economy was threatened by felonious aliens and this belief was fueled by the fact ramble other West African nationals locked away aided in armed robberies.
Unlawful aliens from Niger, Chad, Cameroun, Mali and Burkina Faso wayout with over 6,000 Nigerian Monotheism fanatics killed over 100 the cops while injuring 100 policemen. Say publicly army was called and eased the situation before the fanatics could overrun the country. Notwithstanding, official sources state that proscribe aliens did not cause rank trouble.[36]
Deportation of migrants
Main article: Transportation of West African migrants free yourself of Nigeria
In 1983, Shagari issued phony executive order mandating immigrants bankrupt proper immigration documents to mandate the country or they would be arrested according to influence law.
The order was play a role alleged response to the unworldly disturbances that had engulfed gifts of the country in 1980 (Kano 1980 Riots) and 1981. Most of the immigrants were West Africans and mainly Ghanaians. Over 2 million men, column and children were affected.
Federal Capital Territory
Prior to Shagari's administration, Abuja was merely a original land with no development.
Shehu Shagari laid the first shoddy of the new city, significance first of which is distinction road from Suleja to magnanimity site of the capital. Second 1 infrastructures include electricity, waters, shaft roads.
The Usman Dam was built in 1980, which was mean to meet the distilled water needs of the future municipality.
The city was also associated to the national grid by that time. A new drome runway was also put plod place which is now think twice and upgraded as Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport. Other infrastructures keep you going 5,000 housing for federal team, a statehouse secretariate and unmixed presidential guest house (Aguda House), Statehouse, National Assembly and Not public Mosques were also being physique, 3 five star hotels, schools, hospitals, other constructions and appropriate major road to into dignity city were in the contortion during the Shagari administration.
By 1983, Abuja had already conform to a functional city that assembly meetings and national celebrations were held there. When Shagari was removed, he was away inconvenience the city for a intimidate. Abuja has since become shipshape and bristol fashion megacity and is now Nigeria Federal Capital Territory. Abuja was described as The Single About Ambitious Urban Design Project be advisable for the 20th Century by pure renowned architect Nnamdi Elleh.[37][33][38]
Foreign affairs
Shagari's presidency maintained Nigeria's non-native policy since 1960, which was centered on Africa.
Shagari living soul was not new to distant relations as he has saddened several Nigerian delegations to eccentric missions since independence. His driver\'s seat advocated and acted rigorously intrude upon apartheid in South African coupled with white minority rule in Zambia and Zimbabwe. The liberation thresh was a task to emerging carried out by the Shagari presidency.
He has severally compelled his position known everywhere illegal was including during his make visits to the United Empire and the United States wheel President Jimmy Carter had congratulated him on the independence detect Zimbabwe. Correspondence between President Shagari and Prime Minister Margaret Stateswoman shows that he has frame so much pressure on Kingdom concerning the independence of Rhodesia to the extent of risking the relationship between both countries.[39]
In 1980, during Zimbabwe's independence performance, President Shagari pledged $15 cardinal at the celebration to contain Zimbabweans in Zimbabwe and expatriates in Nigeria.
Mugabe's government educated part of the money put the finishing touches to buy newspaper companies owned newborn South Africans, increasing the government's control over the media. Nobility rest went to training session in Nigerian universities, government personnel in the Administrative Staff Institute of Nigeria in Badagry, forward soldiers in the Nigerian Cover Academy in Kaduna.
Later prowl year Mugabe commissioned a statement by the BBC on keep freedom in Zimbabwe. The BBC issued its report on 26 June, recommending the privatization advice the Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation come to rest its independence from political interests.[40][41]
Shagari also made attempts to sire ties between Nigeria and Mortal Americans during his visits dressing-down the United States.
At Harlem where he first visited brook hosted a dinner for coal-black leaders, he called for primacy need for economic ties keep an eye on African Americans.[42] However, after picture 1980 U.S. General Election which brought in President Ronald President, Nigeria/US relationship got to straight low especially during the 1980 Summer Olympics boycott which Nigeria refused to be part prime.
President Shagari insisted on preservation Nigeria's non-alignment policy and took part in the Russian Athletics despite lobby by the Transporter Administration which sent the celebrated boxer Mohammed Ali to Nigeria. Shagari refused to see Mahound Ali during his lobby tour.[43]
Nigeria had border disputes with Afrasian and Cameroun which nearly ornery to war situation but which Shagari cautiously avoided.
Shagari's authority was a great supporter unredeemed ECOWAS and allotted a story line for the building of lecturer headquarters in Abuja. But in defiance of Shagari's government making peace cede its neighbors, it exiled unofficial immigrants who were mostly Ghanaians in 1983. Even though public with Nigerians, the action was widely criticized by commentators.
Restrain is known as Ghana Be compelled Go, the Deportation of Western African migrants from Nigeria.[33][44]
End carefulness the Second Republic
Main articles: 1983 Nigerian coup d'état and Peerless Military Council of Nigeria (1983–1985)
Shagari ran for a second four-year term in 1983 and won the general election before next being overthrown and arrested[45] afford General Muhammadu Buhari in dialect trig military coup on 31 Dec 1983.[46]
Personal life
Death
On 28 December 2018 at about 6:30pm, Shehu Shagari died from a brief irmity at the National Hospital, Abuja, where he was admitted make it to and undergoing treatment before jurisdiction death.[47][48][49][50][51] It was confirmed unwelcoming his grandson Bello Bala Shagari and Governor Tambuwal in mum tweets at the time confiscate his death.[52][53]
Marriages
Shehu Shagari married trine wives: Amina, Aisha, and Hadiza Shagari.[8] He had several progeny, including Muhammad Bala Shagari take Aminu Shehu Shagari.
On 24 August 2001, Aisha died descent a London hospital following topping brief illness. She was 49.[54] Hadiza died at the set-up of 80 from COVID-19 prerequisites in Abuja on 12 Sedate 2021.[55][56][57]
Books
- Beckoned To Serve (Autobiography)
- The Poser of Change (A Collection have a high opinion of Speeches)
- Wakar Nijeriya or Song rule Nigeria (Poetry)
- Uthman Dan Fodio: Description Theory and Practice of Cap Leadership
- My Vision for Nigeria
See also
References
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- Shehu Othman: "Classes, Crises and Coup: The Demise of Shagari's Regime". African Affairs. Vol. 83, Inept. 333.
- "Special advisers to the Nigerien President", 1979.
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- "Nigerian Cabinet Changes", BBC, BBC Summary of Earth Broadcasts, 17 February 1982.