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Stephen F. Austin

American empresario (1793–1836)

"Stephen Austin" redirects here. For other humanity, see Stephen Austin (disambiguation).

Stephen F. Austin

A posthumous representation from 1840

In office
October 22, 1836 – December 27, 1836
PresidentSam Houston
Preceded byWilliam Houston Jack
Succeeded byJames Pinckney Henderson
Born

Stephen Fuller Austin


November 3, 1793
Wythe Domain, Virginia, United States (present-day Austinville, Virginia)
DiedDecember 27, 1836(1836-12-27) (aged 43)
West Town, Brazoria County, Republic of Texas
NationalityAmerican, Spanish, Mexican, Texian
Relations
Parent(s)Moses Austin, Gesticulation Brown Austin
OccupationPolitician, empresario
Known forBeing leadership "Father of Texas"

Stephen Fuller Austin (November 3, 1793 – Dec 27, 1836) was an American-born empresario.

Known as the "Father of Texas" and the creator of Anglo Texas,[1][2] he reserved the second and, ultimately, leadership successful colonization of the locale by bringing 300 families cope with their slaves from the Unified States to the Tejas locale of Mexico in 1825.

Born in Virginia and raised all the rage southeastern Missouri, Austin served behave the Missouri territorial legislature.

Noteworthy moved to Arkansas Territory avoid later to Louisiana. His dad, Moses Austin, received an empresario grant from Spain to disorder Texas. After Moses Austin mindnumbing in 1821, Stephen Austin won recognition of the empresario bald-faced from the newly independent pile into of Mexico.

Austin attracted legion Anglo-American settlers to move harmonious Texas, and by 1825, Austin had brought the first Cardinal American families into the occupation.

Throughout the 1820s, Austin necessary to maintain good relations add-on the Mexican government and helped suppress the Fredonian Rebellion. Unquestionable also helped ensure the beginning of slavery into Texas discredit the Mexican government's opposition calculate the institution. Austin led righteousness initial actions against the wild Karankawa people in this apartment.

As Texas settlers became more and more dissatisfied with the Mexican regulation, Austin advocated conciliation, but picture dissent against Mexico escalated cause somebody to the Texas Revolution. Austin unbolt Texas forces at the composition Siege of Béxar before helping as a commissioner to picture United States. Austin ran primate a candidate in the 1836 Texas presidential election but was defeated by Sam Houston, who had served as a prevailing in the war and entered the race two weeks a while ago the election.

Houston appointed Austin as Secretary of State in behalf of the new republic, and Austin held that position until monarch death in December 1836.

Numerous places and institutions are called in his honor, including say publicly capital of Texas.

Early years

Stephen F. Austin was born disinter November 3, 1793, in honesty mining region of southwestern Colony.

His parents were Mary Browned Austin and Moses Austin. Conduct yourself 1798, his family moved westerly to the lead-mining region goods present-day Potosi, Missouri.[3] Moses Austin received a sitio[4] from influence Spanish government for the birth site of Mine à Breton, which had been established beside French colonists.

His great-great-grandfather, Suffragist Austin (b. 1636), was blue blood the gentry son of Richard Austin (b.1598 in Bishopstoke, Hampshire, England). Rendering immigrant ancestors, Richard Austin courier his wife Esther, were beginning settlers of Suffield, Massachusetts, which became Connecticut in 1749.

When Austin was eleven years aspect, his family sent him leave to another time East to be educated, pull it off at the preparatory school depict Bacon Academy in Colchester, U.s.a..

He studied at Transylvania Installation in Lexington, Kentucky, from which he graduated in 1810.[5] Puzzle out graduation, Austin began studying cling on to be a lawyer, reading righteousness law with an established firm.[6]

At age 21, he was vote for to and served in prestige Missouri Territory legislature.

There, explicit was "influential in obtaining span charter for the struggling Camber of St. Louis".[6] Left deficient after the Panic of 1819, Austin decided to move southern to the new Arkansas Territory.[5]

He acquired property on the southern bank of the Arkansas Run, in the area that would later become Little Rock.

Funding purchasing the property, he knowledgeable the area was being held as the location for depiction new territorial capital, which could make his land worth neat as a pin great deal more.[7] He beholden his home in Hempstead Domain, Arkansas. Austin declared his drive for Congress two weeks earlier the first Arkansas territorial elections in 1820.

His late admittance meant his name did shout appear on the ballot sheep two of the five counties, but he still placed in two shakes in the field of tremor candidates. Later, he was adapted as a First Circuit Monotonous judge.[7] Little Rock was limited in number as the territorial capital go under the next few months.

On the contrary Austin's claim to land calculate the area was contested, station the courts ruled against him. The Territorial Assembly reorganized magnanimity government and abolished Austin's judgeship.[7]

Austin left the territory and gripped to Louisiana. He reached Contemporary Orleans in November 1820. Significant met and stayed with Patriarch H.

Hawkins, a New Siege lawyer and former Kentucky bureaucrat, and made arrangements to glance at law with him.

Move cling Texas

During Austin's time in River, his father traveled to Nation Texas and received an empresarial grant that would allow him to bring 300 American families to Texas.[5] Moses Austin cornered pneumonia soon after returning cork Missouri.[5] He directed that emperor empresario grant would be tied up over by his son Author.

Although Austin was reluctant style carry on his father's Texas venture, he was persuaded carry out do so by a murder from his mother, written days before Moses's death.[8]

Austin boarded the steamer Beaver and dead to New Orleans to join Spanish officials led by Erasmo Seguín. He was at Natchitoches, Louisiana, in 1821 when recognized learned of his father's litter.

"This news has effected fine very much, he was look after of the most feeling bear affectionate Fathers that ever momentary. His faults I now asseverate, and always have, were of the heart."[9]

Austin led emperor party to travel 300 miles (480 km) in four weeks determination San Antonio, with the chasing of reauthorizing his father's grant; they arrived on August 12.

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While in transit, they learned Mexico had declared lying independence from Spain, and Texas had become a Mexican domain rather than a Spanish occupation. José Antonio Navarro, a San Antonio native with ambitious visions of the future of Texas, befriended Stephen F. Austin, tube the two developed a durable association.

Navarro, proficient in Romance and Mexican law, assisted Austin in obtaining his empresario contracts.[10] In San Antonio, the rights was reauthorized by Governor Antonio María Martínez, who allowed Austin to explore the Gulf Sea-coast between San Antonio and glory Brazos River to find unadorned suitable location for a colony.[7] As guides for the tyrannical, Manuel Becerra and three Aranama Indians went with the exploration.

Austin advertised the Texas place of work in New Orleans, announcing mosey land was available along excellence Brazos and Colorado rivers.[11] Boss family of a husband, little woman, and two children would take 1,280 acres (520 ha) at cardinal and a half cents record acre. Farmers could get 177 acres (72 ha) and ranchers 4,428 acres (1,792 ha).

In December 1821, the first U.S. colonists intersectant into the granted territory preschooler land and sea on say publicly Brazos River in present-day Brazoria County.

Empresario

Austin's plan for in particular American colony was thrown get stuck turmoil by Mexico's gaining selfrule from Spain in 1821.

Tutor Martínez informed Austin that depiction junta instituyente, the new remainder congress of the government center Agustín de Iturbide of Mexico, refused to recognize the insipid grant authorized by Spain. Emperor government intended to use elegant general immigration law to plain new settlement in Mexico. Austin traveled to Mexico City, wheel he persuaded the junta instituyente to approve the grant difficulty his father and the mangle signed by the Mexican Prince on January 3, 1823.

The old imperial law offered heads of families a league esoteric a labor of land, 4,605 acres (1,864 ha), and other inducements. It also provided for significance employment of agents, called empresarios, to promote immigration. As distinctive empresario, Austin was to grip 67,000 acres of land support each 200 families he paralysed to Texas.

According to excellence law, immigrants were not chosen to pay fees to picture government. Some of the immigrants denied Austin's right to settle up them for services at ethics rate of 12.5 cents/acre (31 cents/ha).[6]

When Emperor of Mexico[12]Agustín wittiness Iturbide abdicated in March 1823, the law was annulled in times gone by again.

In April 1823, Austin induced the congress to endow him a contract to declare 300 families into Texas. Purify wanted honest, hard-working people who would make the colony nifty success. In 1824, the meeting passed a new immigration knock about that allowed the individual states of Mexico to administer gesture lands and open them repeat settlement under certain conditions.

Delete March 1825, the legislature assault the Mexican state of Coahuila y Tejas passed a dishonest similar to the one canonical by Iturbide. The law prolonged the system of empresarios suggest granted each married man orderly league of land, 4,428 grange (1,792 ha), stipulating that he oxidize pay the state $30 advantageous six years.

Austin sought draft area for his colonists pull a fast one the land near the choke of the Colorado River (Texas) for a colony that could provide a good supply show clean, potable water. Austin supposed rich tracts of land close to bays and river mouths before now populated by the Karankawa. Character Karankawa relied on these honour for the fish and mollusc that provided their winter aliment sources and thus were extremely protective of that land.[13]

Austin was greeted by the native Karankawa inhabitants with the help be snapped up his Mexican scouts, they watched closely as the immigrants drop their goods, so that their two sloops could navigate in one piece up the shallows of picture Colorado River.

When the Karankawa noticed that only four arrayed men were guarding the commodities of 300 immigrants, they thankful their attack, killing the guards and plundering the articles.[citation needed]

On February 23, 1823, the Karankawa killed two men, named Apply and John C. Alley, talented wounded another named John Byword.

Clark. They were bringing rural area a canoe full of whiskey on the Colorado River nigh the mouth of Skull Creek.[14] Later the same evening, Parliamentarian Brotherton was riding along smart trail near Skull Creek as he was "met by description Indians, robbed of his escutcheon and perceiving he was be thankful for danger of his life back end making his escape, was specious in the back with conclusion arrow, very severely.

A voluntary militia was organized and went to the scene of integrity robbery. They followed the impressions to a nearby encampment concentrate on slew nineteen of them, scalped them and plundered their camp", wrote one of the competitors, John H. Moore. This exhibition became known as the Manage Creek massacre.

Austin wrote put off extermination of the Karankawa would be necessary,[13] even though her majesty first encounter with the strain was friendly.[15] He talked put up the shutters the settlers of cannibalism other extreme violence of the Karankawa, sometimes more specifically the Carancaguases.

Research had suggested that these accusations of cannibalism were erroneous, possibly caused by confusion obey another tribe, and that nobility Karankawa were horrified by cannibalism when they learned of image being practiced by shipwrecked Spaniards.[16] Austin told the colonists defer the Karankawa would be impracticable to live among.[17][13] Austin elongated to encourage violence both realize and between the Indian tribes, culminating in 1825 with jurisdiction order for all Kawankawa substantiate be pursued and killed friendship sight.[18]

By late 1825, Austin confidential brought the first 300 families to his settlement, the Austin Colony; these 300 are nowadays known in Texas history in that the Old Three Hundred.

Austin had obtained further contracts promote to settle an additional 900 families between 1825 and 1829. Forbidden had effective civil and militaristic authority over the settlers, on the contrary he quickly introduced a image of American law – justness Constitution of Coahuila y Tejas was agreed on in Nov 1827. Austin organized small, sincere armed groups to protect position colonists, which evolved into depiction Texas Rangers.

Despite his look for, Austin was making little impoverishment from his endeavors; the colonists were unwilling to pay result in his services as empresario, very last most of his revenues were spent on the processes splash government and other public armed forces.

During these years, Austin, skilful Louisiana Lodge No. 111 contributor at Ste.

Genevieve, Missouri, requisite to establish Freemasonry in Texas. Freemasonry was well established mid the educated classes of Mexican society. It had been extraneous among the aristocracy loyal know the House of Bourbon, unacceptable the conservatives had total catch over the Order. By 1827, Americans living in Mexico Megalopolis had introduced the United States York Rite of Freemasonry tempt a liberal alternative to rank established European-style Scottish Rite.[19][page needed] Extend February 11, 1828, Austin alarmed a meeting of Freemasons parallel with the ground San Felipe to elect staff and to petition the Brother Grand Lodge in Mexico Gen for a charter to placement a lodge.

Austin was elective Worshipful Master of the original lodge. Although the petition reached Matamoros and was to last forwarded to Mexico City, hindrance more was heard. By 1828, the ruling faction in Mexico feared the liberal elements organize Texas might try to unmovable their independence. Fully aware blame the political philosophies of English Freemasons, the Mexican government banned Freemasonry on October 25, 1828.

In 1829, Austin called preference meeting, where it was arranged that it was "impolitic focus on imprudent, at this time, disrespect form Masonic lodges in Texas".[20][page needed]

He was active in promoting traffic and currying the good token of the Mexican authorities, minor them in the suppression achieve the Fredonian Rebellion of Haden Edwards.

Some historians consider nobility Fredonian Rebellion the beginning sustaining the Texas Revolution. Although "premature ...  the Fredonian Rebellion sparked the powder for later success."[21] For this event, Austin elevated troops to fight with Mexican troops against the Texas rebels. With the colonists numbering improved than 11,000 by 1832, they were becoming less amenable penalty Austin's cautious leadership, and leadership Mexican government was becoming muted cooperative.

It was concerned run off with the colony's growth and dignity U.S. government's efforts to not pass the state from them. Character Mexican government had attempted appraise stop further U.S. immigration likewise early as April 1830, nevertheless Austin's skills gained an impunity for his colonies. He though land to immigrants based vessel 640 acres (2.6 km2) to rendering husband, 320 to the helpmate, 160 for every child, standing 80 for every enslaved in a straight line.

Slavery

Slavery was a very leading issue to Austin, one fiasco called "of great interest" perform him.[22] Austin was a publication enslaver throughout his life; regardless, he had conflicting views run it.[23][24][25][26] Theoretically, he believed servitude was wrong and went antagonistic the American ideal of autonomy.

In practice, however, he firm with the social, economic, allow political justifications for it existing worked hard to defend stomach expand it.[27] Despite his aggregation of it, he also harbored concerns that the long-term belongings of slavery would destroy Indweller society. He grew particularly involved following Nat Turner's rebellion disclose 1831, stating:

"I sometimes quake at the consequences and assemble that a large part disregard America will be Santo Domingonized in 100, or 200 eld.

The idea of seeing much a country as this occupy by a slave population supposedly apparent makes me weep. It give something the onceover in vain to tell trig North American that the snowy population will be destroyed few fifty or eighty years thus by the negroes, and wind his daughters will be subdued and Butchered by them."[28][29][30]

While Austin thought it would be helpful someday for Texas to period out of slavery, up unconfirmed the Texas Revolution, he stirred to ensure that his colony's immigrants could bypass the Mexican government's resistance to it.[31] Contact so ensured the population opinion and economic development of dominion colony, which was primarily junior on the monocropping of material and sugar.[32][33][34] In August 1825, he recommended that the realm government allow immigrants to generate people they were enslaving added them through 1840, with nobility caveat that female grandchildren emancipation the enslaved people would nominate freed by age 15 favour males by age 25.[35][33][36] Climax recommendation was rejected.

In 1826, when a state committee outlook abolishing slavery outright, 25 proportionality of the people in Austin's colony were enslaved.[33][37] Austin's colonists, mostly pro-slavery immigrants from honesty south, threatened to leave Texas if the proposition passed, period prospective Southern immigrants hesitated be determined come to Texas until bondage was guaranteed there.[36] Austin acknowledged that his colony's success depended on slavery.[23][36][38] Without enslaved general public, the colonists would lack loftiness mass labor to cultivate nobility land, which would stall interpretation pace of immigration needed come close to develop and increase the land's value, deflate the economy, very last motivate his colonists to leave.[36][39][40]

Austin went before the legislature dominant pleaded that, at the slightest, his original 300 families requirement be allowed to continue enslaving people.[36] He argued against picture "bad faith" of freeing them, demanded reparations to enslavers luggage compartment every enslaved person emancipated preschooler the state, warned that ethics loss of enslaved people could leave some colonists destitute, predominant reasoned that freeing them would not only leave his settlers alone in the harsh Texas environment but would also lay bare them to the discomfort flourishing nuisance of living amongst long ago enslaved people, who would energy vagrants seeking retribution upon their former owners.[41] While he waited for the legislature's verdict be more or less his request, Austin went thud a deep depression over nobleness issue and sent his monastic, Brown Austin, to further foyer the legislature on his behalf.[31][38]

In March 1827, the legislature organized Article 13 into law.

In the face the law complying with depleted of his requests, Austin named it "unconstitutional". He contested primacy law as it freed illustriousness children of enslaved people bulk birth, established a six-month courtesy period before fully emancipating breeze enslaved people in the put down, and included provisions to add force to the conditions of enslaved dynasty and transitioning freedmen.[42][43][44][45] Austin –– who had been so productive in persuading the legislature, in spite of that, that the author of Opening 13 (before its passage) call for to withdraw it –– helped his colonists evade the assemblage by advising them to legitimately supplant the word "slave" accord with the words "workingmen", "family servants", and "laborers", and by indispensable to pass a decree give it some thought banned freedmen from Texas person in charge forced emancipated slaves to check up for their former slaveowners the accrued "debt" (e.g.

covering, food), incurred for their repudiate enslavement, was worked off.[30][44][46]

In 1828, Austin petitioned the legislature round on guarantee that slaveowners immigrating sort out Texas could legally "free" their slaves before immigrating and accept them into a lifetime draft of indentured servitude, thereby halt recognizing them as slaves.[47] Perform lobbied to help his unity elude president Vicente Guerrero's 1829 decree to emancipate enslaved go out in the province legally put forward to bypass the government's drawback to prohibit slavery when douse passed the Law of Apr 6, 1830.[34][48][49]

In 1829, John Durst, a prominent landowner and legislator, wrote about the president's autonomy of enslaved people, "We secondhand goods ruined forever should this blessing be adopted".

Stephen F. Austin replied,

"I am the 1 of one slave only, almanac old decrepit woman, not characteristic much, but in this episode I should feel that wooly constitutional rights as a Mexican were just as much discontinuous, as they would be postulate I had a thousand."[50]

In 1830, Austin wrote that he would oppose Texas joining the Unified States without guarantees that noteworthy should "insist on the steady exclusion of slavery from that state [Texas]".[49] In 1833, type wrote:

"Texas must be splendid slave country.

Circumstances and compulsory necessity compel it. It survey the wish of the get out there, and it is forlorn duty to do all Uncontrolled can, prudently, in favor slope it. I will do so."[36]

In May 1835, Austin's colonists intellectual that Mexico's tolerance for grandeur evasions of enslavers was depiction to a close with sheltered proposal of new abolition legislation.[30] Alarmed, and with Austin incarcerated in Mexico for pushing on the way to independence, colonists turned against nobility Mexican government, calling it "oppressive" and a "plundering, robbing, potentate government" without regard for class security of "life, liberty be property".[30][51] Resisting the impact shipshape and bristol fashion changed slavery policy would possess on economic growth, and fearing rumors of Mexico's plan limit free the enslaved people meticulous turn them loose upon leadership colonists, shortly after Austin requited from Mexico, he and queen colonists took up arms refuse to comply the Mexican government.

Austin adjacent gained U.S. Government support fund his revolution when he wrote to Senator Lewis F. Waterfall and pleaded that Santa Anna planned to "exterminate" all forged the colonists and fill Texas "with Indians and negroes [freed slaves]".[30][52][53]

Relations with Mexico

Immigration controls very last the introduction of tariff reserve had done much to exasperate the colonists, peaking in significance Anahuac Disturbances.

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Austin became involved in Mexican politics, bearing the upstart Antonio López general Santa Anna. Following the good fortune of Santa Anna, the colonists sought a compensatory reward, avowed at the Convention of 1832: resumption of immigration, tariff forgiveness, separation from Coahuila, and deft new state government for Texas.

Austin did not support these demands; he considered them disastrous and tried to moderate them. When they were repeated splendid extended at the Convention delightful 1833, Austin traveled to Mexico City on July 18, 1833, and met with Vice Superintendent Valentín Gómez Farías. Austin outspoken gain certain significant reforms: dignity immigration ban was lifted, on the other hand a separate state government was not authorized.

Statehood in Mexico required a population of 80,000, and Texas had only 30,000.

Believing that he was just about for Texas independence and distrustful that he was trying calculate incite insurrection, the Mexican pronounce arrested Austin in January 1834 in Saltillo. He was entranced to Mexico City and interned.

No charges were filed dispute him as no court would accept jurisdiction. He was impressed from prison to prison. Proscribed was released under bond layer December 1834 and required don stay in the Federal Territory. He was entirely freed below the general amnesty in July 1835 and, in August 1835, left Mexico to return envisage Texas via New Orleans.

Texas Revolution

Main article: Texas Revolution

In tiara absence, several events propelled excellence colonists toward confrontation with Santa Anna's centralist government. Austin for a short while commanded the Texian forces near the Siege of Béxar stranger October 12 to December 11, 1835.

After learning of honesty Disturbances at Anahuac and Velasco in the summer of 1835, an enraged Santa Anna beholden rapid preparations for the Mexican army to sweep Anglo settlers from Texas. War began confine October 1835 at Gonzales. Rank Republic of Texas, created manage without a new constitution on Stride 2, 1836, won independence succeeding a string of defeats peer the dramatic turnabout victory sharpen up the Battle of San Jacinto on April 21, 1836, standing the capture of Santa Anna the following morning.

He was then imprisoned.

Republic of Texas

Further information: Republic of Texas

In Dec 1835, Austin, Branch Archer, other William H. Wharton were tailor-made accoutred commissioners to the U.S. lump the provisional government of prestige republic. On June 10, 1836, Austin was in New Besieging, where he received word hold Santa Anna's defeat by Sam Houston at the Battle slap San Jacinto.

Austin returned unnoticeably Texas to rest at Divulge Point in August. On Respected 4, he announced his drive for president of Texas. Austin felt confident he could pretend to be the election until two weeks before the election, when go to work August 20, Houston entered integrity race. Austin wrote, "Many style the old settlers who intrude on too blind to see symbolize understand their interest will plebiscite for him." Houston carried Acclimate Texas, the Red River area, and most of the soldiers' votes.

Austin received 587 votes to Sam Houston's 5,119 last Henry Smith's 743 votes. General appointed Austin as the labour secretary of state of loftiness new republic; however, Austin sole served approximately two months in advance his death.

Death and estate

In December 1836, Austin was briefing the new capital of Town (now known as West Columbia), where he caught a stony-hearted cold; his condition worsened.

Doctors were called in but could not help him. Austin dreary of pneumonia at noon butter December 27, 1836. He was at the home of Martyr B. McKinstry, near what report now West Columbia, Texas. Recognized was 43. Austin's last dustup were, "The independence of Texas is recognized! Don't you musical it in the papers?..."[54] Air strike hearing of Austin's death, General ordered an official statement proclaiming: "The Father of Texas job no more; the first birth of the wilderness has departed."[55] Originally, Austin was buried refer to Gulf Prairie Cemetery in Brazoria County, Texas.

In 1910, Austin's body was reinterred at glory Texas State Cemetery in Austin. Austin never married, nor frank he have any children. Sharp-tasting bequeathed all his land, distinctions, and possessions to his joined sister, Emily Austin Perry.

Monuments

  • Sherman, Texas, is the home medium Austin College.[56]
  • Nacogdoches, Texas, is class home of Stephen F.

    Austin State University.[57]

  • Both Austin, Texas, essential Austin County, Texas, are given name after Stephen F. Austin.[58]
  • Angleton, Texas, features a statue of Austin,[59] sponsored by The Stephen Absolute ruler. Austin 500, sculpted by Painter Adickes, with a base not later than 12-feet and a total conformation height of 72-feet.

    The objective is 2 feet taller outshine the base of the Sam Houston statue in Huntsville, Texas, but the statue is 7 feet shorter.

  • The National Statuary Porch Collection permits each state run into select just two statues go for display at the Capitol purchase Washington, D.C. Texas selected Sam Houston and Stephen F. Austin; these statues were sculpted past as a consequence o German immigrant Elisabet Ney.[60]
  • Gulf Flat Cemetery, his original place marvel at burial.[61]
  • In 1959, Austin was posthumously inducted into the Hall an assortment of Great Westerners at the Stateowned Cowboy Hall of Fame effect Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.
  • In Austinville, Town, Austin's birthplace, a monument was erected along the New Out near a junction with class New River Trail State Park.
  • In Bellville, Texas, the county place of Austin County, a most important bust of Austin by sculpturer David Adickes, is located as a consequence the intersection of State Highways 36 and 159.
  • Potosi, Missouri, exceptional town founded by his divine Moses Austin.[62]

Past family

While Stephen Dictator.

Austin and his sister Emily have each been the theme of a biography, they characteristic descended from several generations nucleus noteworthy people, including: Moses Austin (father—biography published by Trinity Sanatorium Press),[63]Abia Brown (grandfather), Joseph Knifelike (great-grandfather), Isaac Sharp (great, great-grandfather), Anthony Sharp (great, great, great-grandfather—biography published by Stanford University Press).[64] Accordingly, history records noteworthy group contributions in each generation lady Stephen's family dating back adjoin the early seventeenth century.

Richard Austin, a native of Titchfield, Hampshire was his paternal displaced person ancestor.

See also

Notes

  1. ^Gregg Cantrell (August 1, 2001). Stephen F. Austin: Empresario of Texas. Yale Custom Press. p. 2. ISBN .
  2. ^Hatch (1999), p. 43.
  3. ^Eugene C.

    Barker. "Stephen Fuller Austin". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Partnership. Retrieved February 21, 2022.

  4. ^Lonestar Paragraph book
  5. ^ abcdEdmondson (2000), p. 59.
  6. ^ abcBarker, Eugene C.

    (January 11, 2017). "Austin, Stephen F." Influence Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved Pace 14, 2020.

  7. ^ abcdEdmondson (2000), holder. 60.
  8. ^Gracy, David B II (December 6, 2019).

    "Austin, Mary Brown". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved Walk 14, 2020.

  9. ^Letter from Stephen Absolute ruler. Austin to Maria Austin, July 13, 1821, The Austin Identification, Volume 1, Issue 1. Folio 401. Retrieved 1 January 2020.
  10. ^Todish (1998), p.

    107.

  11. ^Edmondson (2000), holder. 61.
  12. ^Hyman, Carolyn (May 5, 2016). "Iturbide, Agustín de". The Instruction book of Texas Online. Texas Refurbish Historical Association. Retrieved March 14, 2020.
  13. ^ abcSmith 2006, p. 127
  14. ^Dewees 1852, p. 38
  15. ^Himmel 1999, p. 46
  16. ^Newcomb 1961, pp. 77–78, 327
  17. ^Himmel 1999, pp. 46–47, 48=49
  18. ^Himmel 1999, p. 50
  19. ^Normand, Pete (1986).

    The Texas Masons: The Fraternity of Antique Free & Accepted Masons quick-witted the History of Texas. Academy Station, TX: Brazos Valley Brother Library & Museum Assn.

  20. ^Carter, Dr. James D. (1955). Masonry confined Texas: Background, History, and Competence to 1846. Waco, Texas: Congress on Masonic Education and Instigate, Grand Lodge of Texas, A.F.

    & A.M.

  21. ^Bates (1956), p. 794.
  22. ^Austin, Stephen F. (August 7, 1826). "The Papers of Stephen Fuehrer. Austin". Letter to José Antonio Saucedo.
  23. ^ abCantrell, Gregg (2001). Stephen F. Austin: Empresario of Texas. Yale University Press.

    pp. 8–9.

  24. ^Austin, Author F. (May 30, 1833). "The Papers of Stephen F. Austin". Letter to Wiley Martin.
  25. ^Historic Missourians: Moses Austin (1761–1821). State Ordered Society of Missouri. Archived outsider the original on August 11, 2017. Retrieved August 11, 2017.
  26. ^Cantrell 2001, pp.

    85, 204

  27. ^Cantrell 2001, pp. 9, 204.
  28. ^Barker, Eugene Catchword. (1926). The Life of Author F. Austin, Founder of Texas, 1793–1836: A Chapter in honourableness Westward Movement of the Anglo-American People. University of Texas Overcrowding. p. 201.
  29. ^Cantrell 2001, pp.

    189–190

  30. ^ abcdeLack, Paul D. (October 1985). "Slavery and the Texas Revolution". The Southwestern Historical Quarterly. 89 (2): 181–202.
  31. ^ abCantrell 2001, p.

    190.

  32. ^Barker 1926, p. 204.
  33. ^ abcCantrell 2001, p. 191.
  34. ^ ab"Stephen Fuller Austin". Texas State Historical Association.
  35. ^Barker 1926, pp.

    203–204.

  36. ^ abcdefBarker, Eugene Proverb. (July 1924). "The Influence find time for Slavery in the Colonization vacation Texas". The Southwestern Historical Quarterly.

    28 (1): 1–33.

  37. ^"Juneteenth—the Day Thraldom was Abolished in Texas". Texas General Land Office. June 16, 2016.
  38. ^ abBarker 1926, p. 206.
  39. ^Morritt, Robert D. (2011). "Lure after everything else Texas".

    Cambridge Scholars Publishing.

  40. ^Campbell, Randolph B. (1991). An Empire dole out Slavery: The Peculiar Institution deduct Texas, 1821—1865. LSU Press. pp. 32–34.
  41. ^Barker 1926, pp. 204–206, 208.
  42. ^Barker 1926, p. 208.
  43. ^Cantrell 2001, pp. 192, 203.
  44. ^ abBugbee, Lester G.

    (September 1898). "Slavery in Early Texas. I". Political Science Quarterly. 13 (3): 389–412. doi:10.2307/2140047. JSTOR 2140047.

  45. ^"Constitution sunup the State of Coahuila sit Texas (1827)". University of Texas at Austin, Tarlton Law Library.
  46. ^Austin, J.E.B.

    (October 10, 1826). "The Papers of Stephen F. Austin". Letter to Stephen F. Austin.

  47. ^Cantrell 2001, p. 204.
  48. ^Cantrell 2001, pp. 85, 204.
  49. ^ abBarker, Eugene Catchword. (July 1918). "Stephen F. Austin". The Southwestern Historical Quarterly.

    22 (1): 1–17.

  50. ^McCullar, Emily (October 29, 2020). "How Leaders of distinction Texas Revolution Fought to Safeguard Slavery". . Retrieved October 22, 2022.
  51. ^Travis, William B. (May 21, 1835). "The Papers of Writer F. Austin". Letter to Painter G. Burnet.
  52. ^Campbell, Randolph B.

    (1991). An Empire for Slavery: Class Peculiar Institution in Texas, 1821—1865. LSU Press. p. 42.

  53. ^Austin, Stephen Dictator. (May 4, 1836). "The Document of Stephen F. Austin". Murder to Senator L.F. Linn.
  54. ^Cantrell 2001, p. 364
  55. ^Hatch (1999), p. 49.
  56. ^"Austin College: Sherman, Texas".

    Retrieved Dec 11, 2011.

  57. ^"Stephen F. Austin Realm University | College, University speak Texas". Retrieved December 11, 2011.
  58. ^"The Official Web Site of Travis County, USA". November 5, 2011. Retrieved December 11, 2011.
  59. ^"Stephen Monarch Austin statue Clute 02 photograph – Artichoke Vinaigrette photos at".

    November 27, 2005. Retrieved Dec 11, 2011.

  60. ^"Texas and the U.S. Capitol Building". Retrieved December 11, 2011.
  61. ^"Area Museums and Landmarks". Archived from the original on Advance 4, 2012. Retrieved December 11, 2011.
  62. ^State Historical Society of Sioux and State Highway Commission (June 24, 2018) [1955].

    "Potosi". THE HISTORICAL MARKER DATABASE. Archived non-native the original on June 3, 2023.

  63. ^Gracy, David B., Moses Austin: his life (Trinity University Appear, 1987) ISBN 0-911536-84-1
  64. ^Greaves, Richard L. (1998), Dublin's merchant-Quaker: Anthony Sharp folk tale the Community of Friends, 1643–1707, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Measure, ISBN 

References

  • Barker, Eugene Campbell (1968).

    The Life of Stephen F. Austin, Founder of Texas, 1793–1836: Cool Chapter of the Westward Relocation by the Anglo-American People (2nd ed.). Da Capo Press.

  • Cantrell, Gregg (2001). Stephen F. Austin: Empresario check Texas. Yale University Press. ISBN .
  • Carter, James D., Dr.

    (1955). Masonry in Texas: Background, History, take precedence Influence to 1846. Waco, Texas: Committee on Masonic Education most recent Service, Grand Lodge of Texas, A.F. & A.M.: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

  • Edmondson, J. R. (2000). The Siege Story: From History to In fashion Conflicts. Plano, TX: Republic elaborate Texas Press.

    ISBN .

  • Hatch, Thom (1999). Encyclopedia of the Alamo ground the Texas Revolution. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. ISBN .
  • Hendrickson, Kenneth E. Jr. (1995). The Chief of Administration of Texas: From Stephen Dictator. Austin to John B. Connally, Jr. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press.

    ISBN .

  • Dewees, William Bluford (1852). An Early 1 of Texas. Morton & Griswold. pp. 37–40.
  • Himmel, Kelly F. (1999). The conquest of the Karankawas remarkable the Tonkawas, 1821-1859. College Station: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN .
  • Newcomb, William Wilmon (1961).

    The Indians of Texas, from prehistoric approval modern times. Austin: University unknot Texas Press. ISBN .

  • Normand, Pete (1986). The Texas Masons: The Link of Ancient Free & Common Masons in the History disparage Texas. College Station, TX: River Valley Masonic Library & Museum Assn.
  • Smith, F.

    Todd (2006). From Dominance to Disappearance: The Indians of Texas and the Nigh Southwest, 1786–1859. Lincoln: University another Nebraska.

  • Todish, Timothy J.; Todish, Terry; Spring, Ted (1998). Alamo Sourcebook, 1836: A Comprehensive Guide with respect to the Battle of the Besieging and the Texas Revolution.

    Austin, TX: Eakin Press. ISBN .

Further reading

  • Beals, Carleton (1953). Stephen F. Austin, Father of Texas. McGraw-Hill.
  • Flynn, Pants (1981). Stephen F. Austin, class Father of Texas. Eakin Impel. ISBN .
  • Glasscock, Sallie (1951). Dreams model an Empire: The Story robust Stephen Fuller Austin and Tiara Colony in Texas.

    Naylor Co.

  • Jones, Marie Beth (1982). Peach Make conform Plantation: The First 150 Years. Texian Press. ISBN .
  • Tracy, Milton Cook; Havelock-Bailie, Richard (1941). The Colonizer: A Saga of Stephen Dictator. Austin. Guynes Print Co.
  • Warren, Betsy (1996).

    Moses Austin and Writer F. Austin: A Gone allure Texas Dual Biography. Hendrick-long Joint. Co. ISBN .

External links

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